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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

55 patients with schizophrenia were divided into three groups according to the clinical symptoms: (1) productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with hallucinations, catatonic excitation and stupor; (2) paranoia and schizophrenia simplex, and (3) non-productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with schizophrenic defects and hebephrenia. Total cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the rates of cerebral oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and lactate metabolism were investigated. Patients with productive schizophrenias displayed a significant increase in CBF (to an average of 101.4 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 6.26 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 12.11 mg/100 g min), i.e. CBF and CMR oxygen nearly doubled and CMR glucose more than doubled in comparison with normal findings. In patients with paranoia and schizophrenia simplex CBF and oxidative metabolism did not vary much and were within the normal range. Non-productive schizophrenias showed a significant decrease in CBF (to an average of 36.7 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 2.20 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 3.86 mg/100 g min) in comparison with both other groups of schizophrenias and the group of healthy young men. The results demonstrated variations in CBF and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with distinct types of schizophrenia. It was possible to find a correlation between the mental state of the psychosis on the one hand and CBF and metabolism on the other. The high CBF and metabolic rates of the brain in productive schizophrenias might be due to disturbances in the cerebral metabolism of biogenic amines.
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PMID:Blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with schizophrenia. 123 37

The paper is a fragment of the studies into estimation of expenditures in a representative group (386 patients) with schizophrenia. The authors describe the results of an analysis of "direct" and "indirect" expenditures incurred for the treatment of schizophrenic patients depending on the sex, age, disease pattern, prevailing positive syndrome, and the level of negative symptomatology. The values of these expenditures turned out fairly variable. It could be demonstrated that there are definite, significant correlations between the magnitude of these expenditures and ++clinico-psychopathological factors. The highest expenditures were recorded in patients fit for work, they are largely determined by expenditures for inpatient treatment and disability payments. It should be emphasized that in male patients, they appear much higher, particularly in the group of patients with simple schizophrenia. It means that using economic estimates indirectly reflecting the gravity and characteristic features of schizophrenia, one can assess different manifestations of the disease in terms of universal units of cost.
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PMID:[Analysis of economic and socio-economic expenditures in relation to clinico-psychopathological characteristics of schizophrenia]. 166 65

The classical subtypes of schizophrenia include the paranoid, hebephrenic, undifferentiated, residual, catatonic, and simple. This review of studies, especially those conducted during the last decade, supports the validity of the subtypes, particularly the paranoid subtype. To a lesser degree, the same holds for the hebephrenic and undifferentiated subtypes. The catatonic subtype has seldom been studied, perhaps because it is so rare. The residual and simple subtypes have not been the focus of any studies of note. Subtype criteria for DSM-IV are suggested based on the review. The paranoid and undifferentiated subtypes should be retained with criteria identical to those in DSM-III-R. The disorganized subtype also should be retained but with modified criteria that are somewhat more stringent than those in DSM-III-R. Catatonia and residual schizophrenia should remain, but insufficient data exist upon which to base any changes in criteria. Given its historical precedence, as well as the emerging importance of deficit processes in schizophrenia, simple schizophrenia should be renamed and reintroduced as a subtype in DSM-IV. Two variations in criteria are offered.
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PMID:Classical subtypes for schizophrenia: literature review for DSM-IV. 182 77

The EEG of the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital areas of the brain were examined in patients with recurrent, shift-like, simple and paranoid schizophrenia as well as in healthy persons. Analysis of the EEG involved two stages, using computer. Making use of the distinguished discriminant functions--components (waves) of the EEG interrelated in a definite manner, which may be "EEG markers", it turned out possible to perform differential computer-aided diagnosis of healthy persons and patients with different schizophrenia patterns. In patients with the recurrent and paranoid patterns, the accuracy of coincidence of the clinical diagnosis with that established by means of computer appeared to be equal to 61%. In groups with shift-like and simple schizophrenia, the accuracy amounted to 35 and 33%, respectively.
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PMID:[Systemic organization of EEG in patients with different forms of schizophrenia]. 217

Over 26 years some 73 patients with schizophrenia were observed. Three types were considered, true schizophrenia, schizophrenia simplex, and schizoaffective disorders. Of those traced and alive in 1971, some 18% of the group had recovered, 46% had made a social recovery, 25% were unemployed in the community, and 11% were long-stay hospital patients.
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PMID:Review of schizophrenics in a rural practice over 26 years. 468 39

The internal structure and validity of terms used in the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (Overall and Gorham, 1962) was analyzed. The data which had been gained at the entrance examination of 1557 inpatients with the diagnosis according to ICD-9 (schizophrenia simplex, schizophrenia paranoids, schizoaffective disease depressive type, schizoaffective disease manic type, manic-depressive disease manic phase, manic-depressive disease depressive phase) were processed using stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). Three-dimensional space defined by SDA provided a sufficient frame of relations for the majority of diagnostic groups. Incomplete component analysis justified the assumption of a relatively stabile internal structure of the method. The findings allow to recommend the Czech version of the scale for the purpose of description of psychic impairments in psychiatry.
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PMID:[Validity of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale]. 788 71

(1)'Antieidos' is a formlessness that results from the reverse intentionality of the life formation and is considered to be a principle of obsessive psychosis. 'Internal emptiness' is supposed to exist in the nucleus of schizophrenia. 'Antieidos' and 'internal emptiness' are in close proximity, partly overlapping each other. Obsessive psychosis and some types of simple schizophrenia are considered to have a common intentionality for the obsessive-compulsive phenomenon from the viewpoint of defensive structural dynamics. (2) The obsessive-compulsive phenomenon and the hypochondriacal phenomenon that coexist in simple schizophrenia are considered to be a 'noema' (something in which a meaning is given to the intended experience) that results from 'noesis' (action of consciousness seen in the intended experience) which has a defensive intentionality and as a result masks the basic disturbance in schizophrenia. Complementarity between the obsessive-compulsive phenomenon and the hypochondriacal phenomenon structured in this way can form one type of disease in the nonself-introspective category of simple schizophrenia.
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PMID:Obsessive-compulsive phenomenon in a so-called 'symptomarme schizophrenie': from the viewpoint of structural dynamics in defense mechanisms. 886 15

The existence of two subtypes of schizophrenia (positive and negative) is well established. The evidence in favor of other subtypes, particularly a disorganized subtype, is still the subject of some debate. The aim of the study reported in this article is to investigate the possibility of further subtypes of schizophrenia by applying a particular method of cluster analysis to a particular set of data. Ward's method of cluster analysis was applied to the Positive and Negative syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores of 138 patients, defined as having schizophrenia by one of four diagnostic criteria. The validity of the cluster solution was assessed both by examining differences between clusters on a number of clinical characteristics recorded for each patient and by comparing the results obtained from the PANSS with those derived from a cluster analysis using two other instruments (the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms). Results from the cluster analysis suggest the existence of at least four subtypes of schizophrenia: positive, negative, mixed, and disorganized. A fifth subtype includes patients with few symptoms, suggesting the simple schizophrenia named by Bleuler. Evidence for the validity of these subtypes was provided by the differences observed between the clusters on a number of clinical characteristics and by the similarity of the cluster solution obtained from the different instruments. In conclusion, the negative-positive dichotomy in schizophrenia is an oversimplification, and the existence of a more complex structure needs to be taken into account in future research.
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PMID:Identifying subtypes of schizophrenia by cluster analyses. 887 4

Autism is the symptom which has the most specific features of schizophrenia. However, the content of pathological experience of the patients has not yet been clarified as it was never told by themselves. In the present study, a case of simple schizophrenia with a major symptom of autism is reported. Schizophrenic autism was studied psychopathologically by drawing tests. The analysis of drawings was summarized by the following characteristics. 1. The objects were drawn so as to be small at the center. The composition was further characterized by the overwhelmingly predominant empty space of its circumference, which we termed "reversed zoom lens effect". This seemed to show that the objects were isolated and removed from the patient. 2. The entire image of the theme was not drawn. 3. Lack of vitality was observed in all the drawings. On the basis of the above characteristics of these drawings and the clinical findings, the following were suggested as the pathology of the patient's experience: 1. The "reversed zoom lens composition" seen in the drawings suggested that the psychological distance between objects and the patient might be expanded. 2. The patient was alienated from the objective world to which he had once been accustomed as the object lacked vitality and familiarity. 3. The pathology of schizophrenic autism observed in the patient could be expressed as "alienation from objective experience." 4. It was considered that although akin to depersonalization, "alienation from objective experience" was the pathology characteristic of schizophrenia.
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PMID:[Psychopathological study on schizophrenic autism through the paintings of a case of simple schizophrenia]. 974 54

The present study explored the frequency of neuromorphological, neurological and neuropsychological abnormalities in 13 patients with an ICD-8/9 diagnosis of simple schizophrenia, also fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for 'simple deteriorative disorder', and in 13 matched patients with an ICD-8/9 diagnosis of a subtype of schizophrenia other than simple schizophrenia, fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia. The frequency of neuromorphological abnormalities in the two patient groups was also compared with that observed in 13 neurological control subjects. Both patients with simple schizophrenia and those with other schizophrenia subtypes showed a higher frequency of brain developmental abnormalities and greater ventricular and subarachnoid space volumes than controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients with respect to neuromorphological variables. Two patients with simple schizophrenia (vs. none of those with other schizophrenia subtypes) had gross brain abnormalities; they were the most deteriorated subjects in the whole sample. Patients with simple schizophrenia, as compared to those with other schizophrenia subtypes, presented a higher frequency of soft neurological signs and a greater impairment of social relationships.
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PMID:'Simple schizophrenia': a controlled MRI and clinical/neuropsychological study. 1064 81


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