Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of postnatal depression (10%-15%) renders it a major public health problem not only for the depressed mother but also for the infant, who may suffer from behavioral disturbances and cognitive delays in later years. This study aimed at evaluating an educational intervention to alleviate postnatal depression and at generally measuring the prenatal and postnatal mood of primiparous women. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of an education intervention to reduce postnatal depression was conducted at three sites in Australia enrolling a total of 184 primiparous women. The intervention consisted of an information booklet on postnatal depression and an audiotape of one woman's journey through clinical postnatal depression. Mood was assessed once prenatally (12-28 weeks) and twice postnatally (8-12 weeks and 16-24 weeks) using the Scale for Assessment of Depression and Schizophrenia modified for pregnant and postnatal women (SADS-M). Demographic and social support data were also collected at enrollment. Comparisons between the control group and the intervention group revealed no differences; the educational intervention did not show any effect when women's mood was measured by the SADS-M. Overall, a general, significant, steady decrease of depressive tendencies was observed when the two postnatal assessments were compared to the prenatal measurements. Women were less depressed postnatally than prenatally. This overall improvement of mood was significant in most SADS-M items. The exceptions were discouragement, anxiety, anger, and irritability, which did not reach significance. Additional multivariate analyses revealed no relevant influence of social support or demographic variables on the changes in mood. The main results that the education intervention had no effect and women, overall, were more depressed prenatally than postnatally contributes further evidence to the view that the prenatal period is a separate entity from the postnatal period, with distinctive psychoneuro-endocrine pathways and, thus, suggesting different profiles of women's experience. This evidence indicates the necessity to screen, refer, and manage prenatal maternal mood as an entity in its own right, rather than as a window on the postnatal period.
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PMID:Prenatal depression: a randomized controlled trial in the emotional health of primiparous women. 1555 45

We describe the cases of 2 sisters with adult metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Whereas one sister presented with disorganized schizophrenia-like symptoms as the initial manifestation of MLD, the other remained symptom free except for a 4-week period of postpartum depression. In both patients, there was some residual activity of leukocyte arylsulfatase A (1.7% and 5.5% of normal), and a marked increase in urinary sulfatides was present, as measured by tandem mass spectrometry. An arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency was therefore excluded. The most common mutations of the adult phenotype, Ile-179-Ser and Pro-426-Leu, were not found. In the literature, only 1 case of adult MLD manifesting as disorganized schizophrenia-like symptoms has been described, whereas postpartum depression has been so far unknown as a presenting symptom of MLD.
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PMID:Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy: disorganized schizophrenia-like symptoms and postpartum depression in 2 sisters. 1564 95

The popularity of oxytocin (OT) has grown exponentially during the past decade, and so has the number of OT trials in healthy and clinical groups. We take stock of the evidence from these studies to explore potentials and limitations of pharmacotherapeutic applications. In healthy participants, intranasally administered OT leads to better emotion recognition and more trust in conspecifics, but the effects appear to be moderated by context (perceived threat of the 'out-group'), personality and childhood experiences. In individuals with untoward childhood experiences, positive behavioral or neurobiological effects seem lowered or absent. In 19 clinical trials, covering autism, social anxiety, postnatal depression, obsessive-compulsive problems, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress, the effects of OT administration were tested, with doses ranging from 15 IU to more than 7000 IU. The combined effect size was d=0.32 (N=304; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18-0.47; P<0.01). However, of all disorders, only studies on autism spectrum disorder showed a significant combined effect size (d=0.57; N=68; 95% CI: 0.15-0.99; P<0.01). We hypothesize that for some of the other disorders, etiological factors rooted in negative childhood experiences may also have a role in the diminished effectiveness of treatment with OT.
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PMID:Sniffing around oxytocin: review and meta-analyses of trials in healthy and clinical groups with implications for pharmacotherapy. 2369 33

Royal College of Psychiatrists Royal College of Psychiatrists As part of the Help is at Hand initiative, this leaflet looks at common problems affecting memory, such as depression, anxiety, age and physical health. It also looks at dementia and its causes along with a practical section on self- help. Other leaflets in the scries include: alcohol and depression, are you sleeping well?, bereavement, depression, depression in people with learning disability, manic depression, postnatal depression, and schizophrenia and social phobias.
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PMID:Memory and dementia. 2731 23

Oxytocin (OXT) is a neuropeptide that plays a pivotal role among species peripherally and centrally. It recently has attracted much attention for its involvement in anxiety-related behavior, stress regulation, social behavior and various neuropsychiatric disorders. OXT is one of the important mediators of emotional and social behaviors such as maternal behavior, fear extinction, social support, happiness, and trust. It is also involved in learning and memory process. The recent progresses in OXT system have put this neuropeptide as an important psychotherapeutic intervention for various psychiatric disorders such as stress, anxiety disorders, social phobia, postpartum depression, bipolar disorder, autism, and schizophrenia. In this review, we highlight OXT's contributions to various physiological functions and psychological disorders and discuss its potential use as a therapeutic agent.
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PMID:Oxytocin system in neuropsychiatric disorders: Old concept, new insights. 2843 79

Objective To establish a postpartum depression animal model induced by pre-pregnancy stress,assess abnormal maternal depressive-like behavior,observe the expression of disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) in the hippocampus,and detect serum estradiol and corticosterone.Methods A total of 32 female Balb/c were assigned to two groups using random number table:the control group and the pre-pregnancy stressed group(model group),and the model group was subjected to 3 weeks of chronic restraint stress. After the last stressor,the control group and the model group were housed with a male. About 4 weeks later,the mice gave birth to pups. Then at 3 weeks postpartum,open field test,tail suspension test,and sucrose preference test were carried out. The expressions of DISC1 mRNA and protein of hippocampus were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot,respectively. The serum levels of estradiol and corticosterone were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results After 3 weeks of postpartum,the model mice showed depression-like behaviors. In the open field test,there was no effect on the total distance moved or time spent in the center field (P>0.05). Immobility in tail suspension test was significantly increased (t=-4.950,P<0.001) and sucrose preference was significantly reduced in model group (t=2.475,P<0.05). There was significant statistical difference between control and model group on the expression of DISC1 mRNA (t=-8.915,P<0.001) and protein (t=-5.004,P<0.01) in hippocampus. There was no significant statistical difference on estradiol and corticosterone between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Chronic pre-pregnancy stress can induce dams into postpartum depression.The pathogenesis of postpartum depression may be related to the regulation of DISC1 in the hippocampus.
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PMID:Expression of Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 in Hippocampus in Postpartum Depression Animal Models Induced by Pre-pregnancy Stress. 2848 22

The study was main to explore the clinical characters of Shugan Jieyu capsule through text mining. The data sets of Shugan Jieyu capsule were downloaded from CMCC database by the method of literature retrieved from May 2009 to Jan 2016. Rules of Chinese medical patterns, diseases, symptoms and combination treatment were mined out by data slicing algorithm, and they were demonstrated in frequency tables and two dimension based network. Then totally 190 literature were recruited. The outcomess suggested that SC was most frequently correlated with liver Qi stagnation. Primary depression, depression due to brain disease, concomitant depression followed by physical diseases, concomitant depression followed by schizophrenia and functional dyspepsia were main diseases treated by Shugan Jieyu capsule. Symptoms like low mood, psychic anxiety, somatic anxiety and dysfunction of automatic nerve were mainy relieved bv Shugan Jieyu capsule.For combination treatment. Shugan Jieyu capsule was most commonly used with paroxetine, sertraline and fluoxetine. The research suggested that syndrome types and mining results of Shugan Jieyu capsule were almost the same as its instructions. Syndrome of malnutrition of heart spirit was the potential Chinese medical pattern of Shugan Jieyu capsule. Primary comorbid anxiety and depression, concomitant comorbid anxiety and depression followed by physical diseases, and postpartum depression were potential diseases treated by Shugan Jieyu capsule.For combination treatment, Shugan Jieyu capsule was most commonly used with paroxetine, sertraline and fluoxetine.
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PMID:[Exploring the clinical characters of Shugan Jieyu capsule through text mining]. 2919 58

Brain sex differences are programmed largely by sex hormone secretions and direct sex chromosome effects in early life, and are subsequently modulated by early life experiences. The brain's resident immune cells, called microglia, actively contribute to brain development. Recent research has shown that microglia are sexually dimorphic, especially during early life, and may participate in sex-specific organization of the brain and behavior. Likewise, sex differences in immune cells and their signaling in the adult brain have been found, although in most cases their function remains unclear. Additionally, immune cells and their signaling have been implicated in many disorders in which brain development or plasticity is altered, including autism, schizophrenia, pain disorders, major depression, and postpartum depression. This review summarizes what is currently known about sex differences in neuroimmune function in development and during other major phases of brain plasticity, as well as the current state of knowledge regarding sex-specific neuroimmune function in psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Small cells with big implications: Microglia and sex differences in brain development, plasticity and behavioral health. 3019 20

For many women, pregnancy and childbirth are not without substantial risk in terms of new-onset, recurrent or existing mental disorder. This has consequences not only in terms of poor maternal mental health but also in terms of increased pregnancy- and delivery-related morbidity and can have a significant negative impact on the well-being of the fetus or neonate. New-onset disorders such as postnatal depression and puerperal psychosis have been recognised for some considerable time but it is also becoming apparent that, with the exception of anorexia nervosa, severe intellectual disability and possibly schizophrenia, conception rates among women with all types of mental disorder are the same as those in the general population. In high-income countries, the widespread use of atypical antipsychotics, most of which do not impair reproductive function, may lead to increased conception rates in women with schizophrenia. In addition, pregnancy and childbirth are multifactorial stressors which may render women with previous mental disorders vulnerable to a recurrence. Hence it is no surprise that studies in urban, low-income and ethnically diverse populations in the USA estimate that around a third of pregnant women are suffering from a mental disorder when substance misuse is included (e.g. Kim et al, 2006).
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PMID:Reproductive risk: its role in maternal mental health. 3150 46

The rates of both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and mental illness in pregnancy are rising. There is an association between type 2 diabetes and major depressive disorder, anxiety and schizophrenia, thus there is a need for greater understanding of the relationship between GDM and mental illness. This review suggests that there is a bidirectional and complex relationship between antenatal depression, gestational diabetes and postpartum depression. The combined effect of both a history of depression and gestational diabetes significantly increases the risk of postpartum depression. There is an association between severe mental illness and GDM; however, it is strongly mediated by antipsychotic medications and psychosocial factors, in addition to the disease itself. Medication has a major role in treating mental illness during pregnancy and is not directly linked with GDM in either depression or psychosis. Health-care providers should be mindful of the association between GDM and mental illness to appropriately screen and treat both disorders.
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PMID:Association Between Gestational Diabetes and Mental Illness. 3279 8


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