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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between several psychological variables and adrenocortical function of the blues is examined in a prospective study of 47 Japanese women. Psychological measures, including the psychiatric interview and assessment of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SASD), the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and self-rating scales, were administered at the 36th week of pregnancy, on the 3rd or 4th day postnatal and one month after delivery. Twelve subjects (25.5%) were diagnosed as having the blues on the Stein's scale. Women who developed the blues had significantly higher serum bound cortisol than the non-blues group. No significant correlation was obtained between the incidence of the blues and obstetric variables. At one month after delivery, four women (8.5%) were diagnosed as postpartum depression according to the RDC. Our finding that there was no consistent obstetric factor which predisposes women to develop the blues support the hypothesis that hyperadrenocorticalism is important in the genesis of this syndrome.
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PMID:Endocrine study of the maternity blues. 151 31

In order to examine the course of normal postpartum adjustment compared to the symptomatology of postpartum depression, 25 postpartum women who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for either major or minor depression were compared to 24 non-depressed postpartum women. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to all subjects. Results suggest that sleep disturbances and loss of sexual interest are common concomitants of normal postpartum adjustment. A discriminant function analysis indicated that the cognitive-affective symptoms of loss of energy, guilt, difficulties in concentration, and loss of interest in usual activities discriminated between depressed and non-depressed women most efficiently. Finally, there was a lack of concordance between the BDI and the SADS interviews, which suggests that the BDI may not be an appropriate instrument for diagnosing depression in a postpartum sample.
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PMID:Postpartum depression and postpartum adaptation: overlapping constructs? 252 93

Abnormally low tyramine test values are known to be markers for vulnerability to unipolar, but not bipolar, endogenous depression. In the present study, 37 women with recent postnatal depression (25 major, 12 minor) and 22 puerperal controls with no depressive disorder, all assessed by Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (SADS-L) interview, together with 17 other controls, underwent the test. No significant differences in tyramine sulfate output were demonstrated between the different groups. Those subjects with endogenous features according to Newcastle score (n = 7) or Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) (n = 6) also had normal output. Thus, the tyramine test does not appear to be a useful marker for vulnerability to postnatal depression. Over half the subjects recalled that their postnatal depression had started in the first 2 weeks postpartum. Of the total of 62 postpartum subjects interviewed with the SADS-L, ten recalled a period of euphoria in the first postpartum week, which met RDC for hypomania and eight of them went on to become depressed postnatally. An additional patient from the total group was hospitalized with mania.
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PMID:The tyramine test is not a marker for postnatal depression: early postpartum euphoria may be. 814 83

1. Estrogen exerts profound effects on mood, mental state and memory by acting on both "classical" monoamine and neuropeptide transmitter mechanisms in brain. Here we review an example of each type of action. 2. With respect to the effect of estrogen on central monoamine neurotransmission, low levels of estrogen in women are associated with the premenstrual syndrome, postnatal depression and post-menopausal depression. Sex differences in schizophrenia have also been attributed to estrogen. Previous studies have shown that estrogen stimulates a significant increase in dopamine2 (D2) receptors in the striatum. Here we show for the first time that estrogen also stimulates a significant increase in the density of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) binding sites in anterior frontal, cingulate and primary olfactory cortex and in the nucleus accumbens, areas of the brain concerned with the control of mood, mental state, cognition, emotion and behavior. These findings explain, for example, the efficacy of estrogen therapy or 5-HT uptake blockers such as fluoxetine in treating the depressive symptoms of the premenstrual syndrome. and suggest that the sex differences in schizophrenia may also be due to an action of estrogen mediated by way of 5-HT2A receptors. 3. With respect to the effect of estrogen on central neuropeptide transmission, estrogen stimulates the expression of the arginine vasopressin (AVP) gene in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in rodents. This results in a 100-fold increase in AVP mRNA in the BNST and a massive increase in AVP peptide in the BNST and its projections to the lateral septum and lateral habenula. The BNST-AVP system enhances and/or maintains "social" or "olfactory" memory, and thus provides a powerful model for correlating transcriptional control of neuropeptide gene expression with behavior. Whether similar mechanisms operate in the human remain to be determined. 4. These two examples of the action of estrogen on central neurotransmission are discussed in terms of their immediate clinical importance for the treatment of depressive symptoms, their use as powerful models for investigations on the steroid control of central neurotransmitter mechanisms, and the role of estrogen as "Nature's" psychoprotectant.
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PMID:Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: effect on mood, mental state, and memory. 881

A total of 98 Japanese mothers who became pregnant in England were monitored from 36 weeks gestation to 3 months postpartum. Psychiatric status was assessed by self-report, using a Japanese translation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and by an interview with Japanese psychiatrists, using Japanese translations of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) and Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). Rates of depression were similar to those observed in Japanese women having babies in Japan. Twelve mothers (12%) were categorised as having new onsets of depression (six major and six minor depressive disorder) during the 3 months following delivery. Depression was associated with having had a stressful life event or obstetric but without grandmothers' support-depressed and non-depressed women were equally likely to have had their mothers visit England to attend the delivery. Women who became depressed had significantly higher EPDS scores at 1 month postpartum than those who remained well. However, depressions were not detected when the EPDS was used as a screening instrument. With an EPDS cut-off of greater than 12, the criterion used in western samples, sensitivity was zero. Lowering the criterion to improve the instrument's sensitivity merely reduced its specificity. These results suggest that Japanese women may be less likely to express depressive symptoms by self-report, at least when instruments designed for western samples are used.
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PMID:Postnatal depression in Japanese women who have given birth in England. 912 32

Evidence from the evolution of human cultural behavior and learning, embryology and genetics of the brain, and the behavior of human infants indicates that the critical and uniquely human motives for cooperative imagination and joint interest in objects and tasks are determined by expression of genes and epigenetic neural systems elaboration long before birth, along with essential peripheral organs of perception and motor expression that will serve in communication by rhythmic facial, vocal, gestural, and body movement signals. These cerebral motives continue to exercise their influence on neural development and behavior throughout life, transforming the behaviors of the developing individual through a succession of phases to which other individuals and cultural institutions are constrained to adapt. We discuss the theory of innate intersubjectivity and relate it to the hypothesis of an Innate Motive Formation that emerges in brain development as regulator of morphogenesis in neural systems, and that continues to function, postnatally, as generator of motives and emotions by which human contacts and relationships are regulated. We suggest that differentiates of the primary motive formation in the embryo brain later serve to generate intelligent exploration of the objective environment and the emergence of an additional dialogic mechanism that represents the self-subject as a partner for an other-subject, intersubjectively. Intersubjective communication in infancy leads, through systematic age-related transformations of the brain and behavior, to preverbal mimetic negotiation of cooperative awareness and joint task performance. Finally we discuss, in relation to this theory, interpretations of faulty communication and development at different stages of the life cycle that result from maternal postnatal depression, autism, premature birth and schizophrenia.
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PMID:Self/other organization in human psychological development. 944

This paper presents the state of the art of our current knowledge in the field of female psychiatry. This domain of mental health studies the particularities of psychological distress in women. It is a new concept, and its creation is subtended by some clinical and epidemiological realities. The creation of this very interesting field of research has been promoted on the one hand because of the existence of certain female-specific psychiatric disorders (premenstrual syndrome, post-partum psychopathologies, pseudocyesis, Ferjol's syndrome and menopause-related disorders) and on the other hand because the vast majority of mental diseases may be expressing major gender-related variations (prevalence, natural history of disease, symptomatology, prognosis and treatment outcome). Research in female psychiatry has numerous goals. First of all, the sex-based differences in the prevalence of mental disorders (e.g., depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, anorexia nervosa, personality disorders) has to be understood (are they artefacts, or the expression of hormonal or genetic influence, or a consequence of social factors, or even the result of brain development?). Second, the specific nature of some of these diseases is under investigation (e.g., is postnatal depression a classical major depressive disorder or a puerperal-specific disease?). And third, treatments must be adapted accordingly. Indeed, the study of female psychiatry attempts the integration of the gender-effect in order to improve the treatment modalities.
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PMID:[Psychiatry of women: an new field of research in mental health]. 1119 92

Although a growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that exposure to obstetric complications (OCs) increases the vulnerability for schizophrenia, some questions remain unanswered regarding the diagnostic specificity and the etiological significance of this association. Associations with a history of OCs have been reported for other severe psychiatric disorders, such as autism, anorexia nervosa, or psychotic affective disorder. Thus, OCs may increase in a relatively non-specific way the vulnerability for a range of severe mental disorders, the expression of this vulnerability depending on the interaction between OCs and other risk factors, such as the genetic liability for specific psychiatric disorder, or exposure to later environmental risk factors. The causal pathway between OCs, maternal psychopathology, and psychotic outcome in the offspring is not fully elucidated. The directions of the associations are often bi-directional, and the mediating variables, if any, are not clearly identified. OCs may have a direct negative impact on fetal brain development, may be on the causal pathway between prepartum maternal depression/exposure to stress and increased risk of schizophrenia, or may indirectly increase the risk of child's later psychiatric disorder by acting as risk factors for maternal postpartum depression. The links and possible interactions between somatic perinatal risk factors and maternal psychopathology in the association with offspring's increased vulnerability for psychosis have to be further explored.
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PMID:Perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia: diagnostic specificity and relationships with maternal psychopathology. 1245 83

The relationship between female sex steroids and mental disorders was not thoroughly studied until the last decades. However, in recent years, many studies have appeared that evaluate the influence of estrogens on the onset, outcome and treatment of mental disorders. Although the data are still preliminary, it could be concluded that the estrogens can be useful in the treatment of postpartum depression and menopause related depression, especially if surgically induced. There is still no support for the usefulness of estrogen treatment in non-reproductive related mood disorders. Regarding its utility in schizophrenia, several studies have considered the possibility of adding estrogen treatment in the cases in which patients with schizophrenia experience a worsening of their symptoms clearly related with the fluctuations of the hormonal levels during the menstrual cycle or in patients with resistant forms of the illness. Furthermore, hormone replacement therapy could be useful in some postmenopausal schizophrenic women.
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PMID:[Use of estrogens in the treatment of mental disorders]. 1283 43

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease with complex interactions between a genetic liability, possible perinatal complications and exposure to later environmental risk factors in childhood. Maternal influenza infection, wartime-famine-related denutrition and maternal depression or exposure to repeated stress in pregnancy may have a deleterious effect on brain development and neuronal migration. Obstetrical complications which are significantly associated with schizophrenia are bleeding, diabetes, prematurity, fetal growth retardation, Rhesus incompatibility, preeclampsia and congenital malformations. Subjects with onset of schizophrenia before age 22 had more often a history of acute fetal distress (abnormal presentation at birth and complicated cesarean delivery). Obstetrical complications may have a direct negative impact on fetal brain development or may be on the causal pathway between prepartum maternal depression or psychosis, exposure to stress and impaired relation between mother and child consecutive to postnatal depression.
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PMID:[Obstetrical complications and further schizophrenia of the infant: a new medicolegal threat to the obstetrician?]. 1506 96


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