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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the presence of a full depressive syndrome in schizophrenia years after the acute phase and factors linked to these depressive syndromes, 75 schizophrenia and schizoaffective patients and 32 patients with bipolar affective disorders were studied prospectively at index hospitalization and followed up 4.5 years later as part of the Chicago Followup Study. Over 30 percent of the schizophrenia patients showed full depressive syndromes during the followup year. Schizophrenia patients on neuroleptics were significantly more likely to show full depressive syndromes than those not on neuroleptics during the followup year. This relationship held after the level of posthospital psychosis was controlled. The data suggest that neuroleptic use is one factor linked to the depressive-like syndromes found in the posthospital phase in non-chronic schizophrenia samples. The results did not support the view that these depressive-like syndromes are only a function of akinesia, although they suggest that akinesia is probably one factor involved. The data indicate a strong link between neuroleptic use and anhedonia. These data suggest that one factor involved in the depressive-like symptoms found in schizophrenia patients could be interference by neuroleptics with the mesolimbic dopamine reinforcement system or the dopamine reward system.
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PMID:Depression in schizophrenia: are neuroleptics, akinesia, or anhedonia involved? 808 35

Clozapine has proven to be more effective than typical antipsychotics in treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients, and some evidence suggests that it may be particularly useful in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether this observation reflects improvement in "primary" or "secondary" negative symptoms. We hypothesized that a portion of clozapine's effect on negative symptoms would be related to an improvement in positive (psychotic and disorganization) symptoms, a decrease in extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE), and/or a decrease in depressive symptoms. The remainder of its effect would be related to a direct effect on the neural circuits or pathologic processes responsible for the negative symptoms. Twenty-nine treatment-refractory schizophrenics treated with clozapine for 6 weeks were studied. The core negative symptoms measured by the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms ([SANS] affective flattening, anhedonia/asociality, avolition/apathy, and alogia) all improved with clozapine treatment. Overall, there was a 31% improvement in negative symptoms, a 32% improvement in psychotic symptoms, and a 35% improvement in disorganization. The improvement in negative symptoms was correlated with improvement in disorganization, but not with improvement in psychotic symptoms, depression, or drug-induced EPSE. Although there was a correlation between improvement in negative symptoms and improvement in disorganization, there was a suggestion that the two are changing in parallel, but are independent of each other. It appears that at least a portion of clozapine's effect on core negative symptoms is mediated through a direct effect on the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia associated with negative symptoms.
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PMID:Clozapine's effect on negative symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenics. 814 34

The MMPI-2 schizophrenia spectrum profiles of 25 college students with extreme scores on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales were compared to those of 27 students who requested psychological treatment at a university psychology clinic. Moldin, Gottesman, and Erlenmeyer-Kimling's 1987 classification strategy for schizophrenia spectrum disorders identified 66% of the students who did not seek psychological treatment and had high scores on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales as having an 8-6, 8-9, or a 9-8 MMPI-2 profile. Of the students who requested psychological treatment, 25% produced MMPI-2 schizophrenia spectrum profiles. Of these, 63% produced a 2-7-8 code profile. Additional analyses showed that only some of the students who requested psychological treatment and produced a 2-7-8 MMPI-2 profile exhibited schizotypal features and that this group stayed in therapy longer than students without schizophrenia spectrum profiles. These results suggest that only a subset of the students with high scores on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales produce schizophrenia spectrum MMPI-2 profiles and that these profiles are substantially different from those produced by students with high scores on the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale and from schizotypal college students who seek psychological treatment.
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PMID:MMPI-2 schizophrenia spectrum profiles among schizotypal college students and college students who seek psychological treatment. 830 1

This study investigated the performance of individuals with familiar loading of schizophrenia (healthy siblings of schizophrenic inpatients) on three neuropsychological tasks assumed to require frontal lobe functions: Trail Making Test (TMT), verbal fluency and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Healthy siblings of schizophrenics differed in performance from healthy controls not only on the WCST, but also on the Trail Making Test and the verbal fluency task. Furthermore, scores of physical anhedonia, assessed in a self-report rating scale (Chapman et al., 1976) were also significantly higher in the high risk group than in the control sample. However, healthy siblings of schizophrenics did not differ from controls with regard to experiences of perceptual aberrations, measured by the same method (Chapman et al., 1978). Neuropsychological performance and elevated anhedonia scores in the high risk group were interpreted under the conceptual framework of vulnerability markers: they were supposed to represent a trait shared by family members of schizophrenic probands. Amongst the neuropsychological tests, there were significant correlations between the physical anhedonia score and WCST and Trail Making test performance in the group of healthy siblings of schizophrenics, but not in the control group.
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PMID:Cognitive functioning and anhedonia in subjects at risk for schizophrenia. 836 35

The effect of long-term methamphetamine (MAP) treatment on intracranial self-stimulation of the lateral hypotholamus and locomotor traces was assessed. An attempt was made to provide a useful animal model for understanding anhedonia, stereotypy, and reoccurrence of liability, which are analogous to symptoms of schizophrenia. The frequency of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as used as a measure of the animals' "hedonic-anhedonic" state. Following long-term MAP treatment (3 mg/kg), rats gradually showed stereotyped behavior, and became inactive and unresponsive to ICSS. These behavioral changes and decreased ICSS lasted several weeks after cessation of chronic MAP treatment and seemed to suggest post-MAP chronic psychosis and (or) anhedonia, two of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The traces of rat behavior affected by chronic MAP treatment were classified into three types, peripheral, mixed, and fixed, occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Reverse tolerance, similar to the reoccurrence of schizophrenic symptoms, was observed as a fixed stereotypy associated with loss of ICSS. These abnormal phenomena were suppressed by pretreatment with haloperidol. In the present study, the combination of ICSS and locomotor trace affected by chronic MAP treatment was proposed as an animal model of schizophrenia and as a useful technique for gauging the effect of neuroleptics.
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PMID:A dual approach to self-stimulation and locomotor trace affected by chronic methamphetamine treatment for an animal model of schizophrenia. 840 97

Previous studies in schizophrenic patients have suggested that there are changes in olfactory sensitivity. In order to externally validate a psychometrical assessment of the psychosis-risk indicated by schizotypic factors, this study was carried out to determine whether changes in olfactory perception could be determined even for persons merely at risk of developing schizophrenia. These 'psychosis-prone' subjects consistently scored high in either the scale for 'physical anhedonia' (PA) or the scale for 'perceptual aberration' (PAB). Thus, three groups were investigated (control, n = 11; PA, n = 12; PAB, n = 12). Each subject participated in one testing session where the two odorants, vanillin (pleasant) and hydrogen sulphide (unpleasant), were applied by means of a specially designed delivery apparatus. Subjects rated both the intensity and the hedonic quality of the stimuli. In addition, olfactory event-related potentials (OERP) were recorded after dichotomous stimulation. In general, there were only few significant differences between the three groups investigated. Contrary to expectations, ratings for pleasantness of vanillin were highest in PA subjects compared to PAB subjects and controls (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, OERP amplitudes in response to vanillin were largest within the PA group (p < 0.05). For hydrogen sulphide, PAB subjects showed the smallest OERP amplitudes (p < 0.05). In addition, it was observed that female subjects had significantly larger OERP amplitudes when compared to male subjects (p < 0.05), which possibly indicates gender differences in olfactory sensitivity.
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PMID:Olfactory event-related potentials in psychosis-prone subjects. 840 34

Postimperative negative variation (PINV) was recorded during a warned reaction time paradigm in 16 chronic DSM-IIIR schizophrenics in remission. Clinical symptoms were assessed by BPRS, SANS and the anhedonia scale of the Chapman Questionnaire. Ten healthy controls were studied in the same manner. Over the fronto-central area we found a significantly elevated PINV amplitude with an altered topographical distribution in the patient group. The difference values 'PINV Cz-PINV Fz' were correlated negatively with primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Altered fronto-central PINV topography and the primary negative syndrome in schizophrenia. 843 86

In the New York High-Risk Project (NYHRP) we followed subjects at risk for schizophrenic or affective disorders and low-risk controls from childhood to adulthood, with the goal of identifying early predictors of later schizophrenia-related psychopathology. In this article, we focus on two potential predictors: the Physical Anhedonia Scale administered in adolescence and the Attention Deviance Index obtained in childhood. Subjects of this report are 161 members of the NYHRP's first sample (sample A), who had scores on both attention and anhedonia and had followup clinical assessments in adulthood. We used a path analysis model and several separate regression analyses to examine the relationships of the parent diagnostic groups, attentional dysfunction, and anhedonia to each other and to each of three psychopathological outcomes: schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related psychoses, major affective disorder, and social isolation in nonpsychotic subjects. Subject groups did not differ in anhedonia scores but did differ in childhood attentional dysfunction, psychosis, and social isolation, all of which are more common in subjects at risk for schizophrenia. In these subjects at risk for schizophrenia, but not in the other two groups of subjects, childhood attentional dysfunction is related to anhedonia, social isolation, and possibly nonparanoid psychosis. Anhedonia is associated with social isolation and with psychosis in females. Several other gender effects are also noted.
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PMID:The New York High-Risk Project: anhedonia, attentional deviance, and psychopathology. 845 8

After 5 weeks of haloperidol, positive symptoms in drug-naive schizophrenic patients substantially subsided. Negative symptoms, although with a different temporal pattern, decreased after the fifth week of haloperidol treatment; specifically, a decrease was seen in anhedonia and affective flattening, whereas avolition-apathy and attentional impairment presented no changes. Alogia showed a decrease during the third week and a trend to return to placebo scores during weeks 4 and 5. Changes in affective flattening, alogia and attentional impairment correlated with changes in positive symptoms. During placebo, plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) correlated with negative symptoms and with changes presented by negative symptoms between the first and the fifth treatment week. These data show that negative symptoms respond differentially to neuroleptics and suggest that avolition-apathy may represent a different behavioral component of the schizophrenia process.
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PMID:Differential effects of haloperidol on negative symptoms in drug-naive schizophrenic patients: effects on plasma homovanillic acid. 846 Dec 69

The authors evaluated the extent of overlap between DSM-III-R schizophrenia spectrum personality diagnoses (SSPD) and the Psychosis Proneness Scales of Chapman and his associates. The subjects were recruited from the family members of schizophrenic patients ("familial" subjects; n = 45) and members of the community with negative family histories for schizophrenia ("nonfamilial" subjects; n = 60). Clinical interviews were performed to obtain DSM-III-R Axis I and II diagnoses. In 105 individuals with no Axis I diagnosis, the five Chapman Scales were administered. The results suggest that the nonfamilial subjects with diagnoses of SSPD (n = 24) scored significantly higher on the Chapman Scales of Magical Ideation, Perceptual Aberration, and Impulsive Nonconformity compared with the familial SSPD subjects and the other non-SSPD groups. The familial SSPD subjects (n = 17) scored significantly higher than the nonfamilial, non-SSPD groups on the Physical Anhedonia Scale. Scores on the Social Anhedonia Scale were highest in the SSPD subjects, but only scores for the nonfamilial SSPD subjects were statistically different from those for the other non-SSPD groups. The data were reanalyzed by first dividing the scores from the Chapman Scales into high and low scores based on different cutoff points. Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive powers of the "high" Chapman scores for SSPD diagnoses were then calculated. These were done because the Chapman Scales are often used to identify individuals with schizophrenia-related personality disorders on the basis of scores that exceed arbitrary cutoff points. The results suggest that the Chapman Scales (other than the Physical Anhedonia Scale) and DSM-III-R criteria identified mostly the same subjects, when only nonfamilial subjects were considered (with sensitivities and specificities of about 0.70). However, the overlap between these two constructs was poor when only schizophrenia spectrum subjects recruited from the family members of schizophrenic patients were considered.
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PMID:Psychosis proneness scales in schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders: familial vs. nonfamilial samples. 846 55


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