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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An association between deficit schizophrenia and male gender could be expected, since male schizophrenic subjects have been repeatedly found more severe than females on several dimensions of severity. Surprisingly, very few studies have confirmed such an association. We performed a more definitive test of this association using a meta-analysis. A pooled odds ratio was computed based on the 23 studies that reported the gender ratio in deficit vs. non-deficit schizophrenia. We tested for the heterogeneity of the association and examined the potential impact of the sampling method, the method used to assess the deficit syndrome, the breadth of diagnoses included and the mean duration of illness. A highly significant association between male gender and deficit schizophrenia was observed (pooled odds ratio=1.75). There was no definitive evidence that differences across studies in sampling methods, breadth of diagnoses included, mean duration of illness and methods to assess the deficit syndrome affected the strength of the association. However, the studies using the "Proxy Deficit Syndrome" method to assess the deficit syndrome yielded qualitatively weaker evidence. This significant association between male gender and deficit schizophrenia may reflect the influence of a gender related factor (e.g. sexual hormones) or gender differences in the liability to different etiologies of schizophrenia. The role of gender as a potential confounder must be closely examined in studies comparing deficit and non-deficit SZ.
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PMID:Male gender is associated with deficit schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. 1127 31

The relationship between deficit syndrome schizophrenia, as determined by the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome, and impairments in memory and executive function was investigated by administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test, and the Wechsler Memory Scales to outpatients with deficit (n=33) and non-deficit (n=57) syndrome. A factor analysis of test variables revealed three factors: executive functioning; simple verbal memory; and semantic verbal memory. Results indicated that the deficit group performed significantly worse on the executive functioning factor, but not on either of the verbal memory factors. These findings support the hypothesis that deficit syndrome schizophrenia represents a specific cognitive impairment in executive processing and not necessarily graver global cognitive impairment.
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PMID:Memory and executive function impairments in deficit syndrome schizophrenia. 1136 37

Both epidemiological findings and clinical observations and have shaped our thinking as regards to the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Epidemiological findings implicating environmental risk factors, including maternal dietary deficiency and urban birth place, suggest schizophrenia is a developmental disorder, whereas clinical observations gave rise to the "dopamine hypothesis." Epidemiological findings lead to complex multifactorial models, while clinical observations lead to more readily to testable, but not necessarily generalizable, hypotheses. Points where findings from these different approaches converge may provide us with new insights and points of departure. In this paper, clinical observations and epidemiological findings are presented which suggests that a subgroup of schizophrenics have abnormalities in phospholipid metabolism. Preliminary clinical trials involving administration of omega-3 fatty acids thus far appear to support this hypothesis.
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PMID:Abnormal phospholipid metabolism in schizophrenia: evidence from epidemiological findings, clinical observations, and preliminary clinical trials. 1153 11

Patients with deficit schizophrenia differ from other people with schizophrenia relative to course of illness, treatment response, and neurobiological correlates. An association between deficit schizophrenia and summer birth, in contrast to the winter birth risk factor associated with schizophrenia as a whole, has also been reported. We attempted to replicate the association between summer birth and deficit schizophrenia by using data from a prevalence survey in Nithsdale in southwest Scotland, in which all patients with schizophrenia in Nithsdale were identified and 87% were interviewed directly. Deficit schizophrenia was associated with summer birth, defined as birth in June/July/August (p < .02), June/July (p < .02), or July/August (p < .03). The association with summer birth is consistent with other evidence that patients with deficit schizophrenia have a pathophysiology that differs in some ways from that of other patients with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Summer birth and deficit schizophrenia in Nithsdale, Scotland. 1158 5

A relationship between "hypofrontality" and a negative form of schizophrenia is commonly found. The Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS) provides specific criteria for assessing the presence of negative symptoms, their duration and whether the symptoms are primary or secondary. The purpose of our study was to compare the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at rest, in 62 deficit and nondeficit schizophrenic patients, according to the SDS criteria (French version). The deficit patients in our population were comparable to those described in the literature (stability of their negative symptoms with time, poor premorbid adjustment, duration of the illness, age at the first episode, etc.). No difference was found in the locoregional perfusion with respect to the DSM-III-R type of schizophrenia, the sex or the type of treatment received. The patients with a deficit form of schizophrenia showed a significant bilateral reduction in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion in the right frontodorsolateral cortex (P=.0105) and the left frontodorsolateral cortex (P=.0004) compared with the nondeficit schizophrenic patients. The contribution of SDS seems to be helpful in distinguishing between significant cerebral characteristics in deficit schizophrenics, as defined by Carpenter. These results suggest a decrease in prefrontal perfusion at rest, which corresponds with neuropsychological data.
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PMID:Regional cerebral blood flow in deficit/nondeficit types of schizophrenia according to SDS criteria. 1199 98

The role of free radicals (FR) in the pathogenesis and in the progression of many diseases has been often discussed, but not widely investigated. However, the total antioxidant capacity in the serum seems to be of great evidence. Total antioxidant capacity was determined using oxygen absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) in serum of patients suffering from depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), anorexia nervosa, Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Aids-encephalopathy, diabetic polyneuropathy (PNP), cardiomyopathy (CM), renal disease, and healthy individuals as controls (C). The results showed that the total antioxidant capacity in serum decreased significantly (p < 0.01) by 24, 20, 13, and 17% for anorexia nervosa, Aids-encephalopathy, PNP and CM respectively. In serum of patients with renal disease significantly elevated antioxidant capacity was found. The data indicated that increased oxidative stress can be involved in the pathogenesis or in the progression of PNP and CM. Decrease of serum antioxidant capacity in patients with anorexia nervosa and Aids-encephalopathy are probably due primarily to malnutrition and secondly to insufficient antioxidant and immune system. In renal disease, the accumulation of urea in serum seems to be responsible for high antioxidant capacity. In contrast, there were no changes in PD, AD, depression syndrome and schizophrenia.
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PMID:Serum antioxidant capacity in neurological, psychiatric, renal diseases and cardiomyopathy. 1211 62

This comprehensive review includes results of studies on the relationships maternal and child health and fertility and hypotheses on their interactions from a programmatic viewpoint. Child mortality is high for 1st born, low for the 2nd and 3rd child, and increases with parity after the 4th. Infant survival is lowest when the birth interval is 1 year or less. The frequency of low intelligence, mental retardation, malnutrition, and infections increase with family size. Maternal mortality and morbidity increase with parity. Rapid population growth and density is correlated with infections, such as tuberculosis and social pathology, such as schizophrenia. The relationship between health and fertility is complex, since in the absence of family planning, improved health decreases mortality and morbidity, and increase fertile life span. Amenorrhea in general and during lactation lasts longer during malnutrition, but lactation is likely to be more successful in healthy women. It is probably more efficient in personnel, facilities and transportation to combine maternal and child health and family planning services. The work would be more stimulating, and the clients more likely to trust a familiar person. In the prenatal, postpartum, and postabortion periods women are motivated to accept both services. It is said that education and services in infant health will convince people to start planning their families: a few epidemiologic and longitudinal studies support this hypothesis. Probably incentive programs are less cost-effective than combining family health and planning services.
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PMID:[Interactions between health and population]. 1233 84

This paper describes the research lines of an interdisciplinary group composed by two government universities in Rio de Janeiro. The first research line, a Virtual Environment for testing the acceptance of Virtual Reality equipment by schizophrenia patients, has stimulated a growing interest in this area in the country and abroad. The second research line, in progress now, develops a virtual environment to improve the learning abilities of children with Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Another study is related to the use of Virtual Reality in the cognitive treatment of common city phobias, beginning with the reproduction of some tunnels of our city to treatment of claustrophobic patients. The last of the research lines in progress in this group develops a virtual square for stimulating autistic patients.
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PMID:The UFRJ-UERJ group: interdisciplinary virtual reality experiments in neuropsychiatry. 1244 79

Alterations in dopaminergic system are known to lie in the basis of such diseases as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Tourette syndrome, schizophrenia and drug abuse. This induced broad investigations of dopaminergic system in nearly all the areas of neuroscience. New insights into the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases have emerged. Research in the field of dopaminergic neurotransmission and memory was awarded Nobel prize in the year 2000. New avenues for the development of more selective drugs have been opened. In their daily practice clinicians are often prescribing medications acting on presynaptic or postsynaptic sites of dopaminergic units. Thus the aim of this review was to renew some knowledge on the architecture of dopaminergic system and also to glance through some of the studies implying its modulating effect on cognitive functions.
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PMID:[Dopaminergic modulation of cerebral activity and cognitive functions]. 1247 82

Four patients treated in one ward of a psychiatric clinic were admitted to our burn unit within 2 months due to severe burn injuries. The patients showed signs of a self-mutilation epidemic. All four patients were female and the mean age was 28 years. The psychiatric diagnosis was schizophrenia in all patients (ICD 10: F20.9). The ignition of flammable liquid was the most common method and the mean burned TBSA was 33%. The mean severity score (ABSI) was 8 and the median hospital stay was 50 days. All patients were characterised by a prolonged hospital stay in comparison to patients without additional psychiatric pathology (median 31 days). This prolonged stay was based on a delayed wound healing, more operations, extended time for mobilisation and difficulties in co-operation. It is possible that in patients with schizophrenia, changes in nutrition, activity, sleep and drug use could influence their immune system profoundly. Anxiety and depression is also associated with the impairment of cellular and humoural immunity. Poor sleep reduces the production of an anabolic endocrine environment and sleep disturbances can interfere with macrophage and lymphocyte functions. Poor appetite leads to malnutrition, which is also capable of producing delayed wound healing. On the other hand, apathy and a general lack of motivation interfere with therapeutic strategies, because poor appetite and weight loss often occurs after neuroleptic withdrawal, which is correlated with clinical decompensation. Moreover, this "self-destructive" behaviour, which is acting on the immune system, might make a patient more susceptible to infection. All these aspects and side effects of schizophrenia combine to make the treatment of burned patients with schizophrenia a very special and difficult task.
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PMID:Treatment of patients with severe burn injuries: the impact of schizophrenia. 1254 45


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