Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the present study we have investigated, using radioligand binding techniques and the dopamine receptor antagonist [3H]SCH 23390 as a ligand, the existence of specific dopamine D1-like receptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. [3H]SCH 23390 binding to human peripheral blood lymphocytes was time-, temperature-, concentration-dependent and of high affinity with a dissociation constant value (Kd) of 0.58 +/- 0.05 nM and a maximum binding density (Bmax) of 11.02 +/- 0.3 fmol/5 x 10(6) cells. The binding was also reversible. Pharmacological analysis displacement curves of [3H]SCH 23390 binding with dopamine competing with the radioligand in the submicromolar range suggests that peripheral blood lymphocytes express dopamine D5 receptors rather than dopamine D1 receptors. These results, which are consistent with studies performed with molecular biology techniques, suggest that dopamine may modulate peripheral blood lymphocyte activity. Radioligand binding techniques, applied to lymphocyte receptor studies for their feasibility and flexibility may be used to investigate the possible relationship between the immune and dopaminergic systems. Moreover, they could be employed as a tool in Parkinson's disease, migraine, schizophrenia and hypertension research.
 ...
PMID:Dopamine D5 receptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: a radioligand binding study. 805 Dec 91

There has been tremendous interest in 5-HT3 receptor antagonists since their discovery and the subsequent identification of 5-HT3 receptors in the CNS. Based on the results of early behavioural tests with these compounds, there has been substantial interest in their potential use for the treatment of various CNS disorders. In this review, Andrew Greenshaw attempts to clarify the status of the therapeutic potential of these drugs, discussing inconsistencies in preclinical findings and identifying areas in need of clarification through future research. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are claimed to be potentially useful in the treatment of nausea, inflammatory pain (migraine and irritable bowel syndrome), anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, dementia and drug abuse!
 ...
PMID:Behavioural pharmacology of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists: a critical update on therapeutic potential. 810 96

Prior studies have incompletely established a relationship between epilepsy and schizophrenia, primarily because of methodological difficulties. We undertook a two-part retrospective investigation of neurology clinic patients with epilepsy and schizophrenia. Part I: Interictal schizophrenic disorders occurred in 149 (9.25%) of 1,611 epileptic outpatients, compared with only 23 (1.06%) of 2,167 migraine outpatients. Part II: Among age- and sex-matched groups, we compared 62 epilepsy-with-schizophrenia patients with 62 epilepsy patients on six seizure variables, and we compared them with 62 schizophrenia patients on 10 psychosis variables. The epilepsy-with-schizophrenia group had a later epilepsy age of onset with more complex partial seizures, more patients with auras, and fewer patients with generalized epilepsy. Except for increased suicidal behavior, epileptic patients did not differ from controls on psychosis variables; however, psychotic symptoms often emerged with increased seizure activity. Together these results support a distinct association of schizophrenic disorders with epilepsy, particularly with seizures emanating from the temporal limbic system.
 ...
PMID:Schizophrenia in epilepsy: seizure and psychosis variables. 818 35

Among a sample of 40 severe migraine sufferers, males and females displayed common personality profiles. Both sexes exhibit heightened scores on those MMPI clinical scales associated with neuroticism (hypochondriasis, depression and hysteria). Female migraine sufferers were further characterised by elevated scores on the primary scales constituting the psychotic tetrad (paranoia, psychaesthenia, schizophrenia, and hypomania). Migraine females appeared to differ from male patients with respect to a dimension associated with sex-role conformity (loaded on the L-scale and masculinity-femininity). The implication of these results are considered.
 ...
PMID:MMPI profiles of male and female migraine sufferers. 821 5

The association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and self-reported histories of specific physical illnesses was investigated in 320 controls and 1968 first-degree relatives and 254 spouses of probands in the NIMH Collaborative Depression study. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version was used to assign Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) diagnoses and a structured self-report instrument was used to assess lifetime medical history. Lifetime MDD was diagnosed in 914 subjects, 402 of whom had been hospitalized or received somatic treatment ('treated' MDD). Strong associations were observed between MDD (either treated or untreated) and both frequent/severe headaches and migraine headaches. There was a marked gender effect such that the relative odds for a woman with treated MDD to report migraine were over 5:1. Other associations were found between MDD and skin infections, respiratory illness, ulcer, hypotension, and diabetes. This is the largest non-patient sample using standardized assessment of mental disorders by direct interview in which associations between specific physical illnesses and MDD have been demonstrated. Implications for clinical practice and neurobiological research in depression are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Association between major depressive disorder and physical illness. 823 81

Complex visual hallucinations may affect some normal individuals on going to sleep and are also seen in pathological states, often in association with a sleep disturbance. The content of these hallucinations is striking and relatively stereotyped, often involving animals and human figures in bright colours and dramatic settings. Conditions causing these hallucinations include narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, peduncular hallucinosis, treated idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia without treatment, migraine coma, Charles Bonnet syndrome (visual hallucinations of the blind), schizophrenia, hallucinogen-induced states and epilepsy. We describe cases of hallucinosis due to several of these causes and expand on previous hypotheses to suggest three mechanisms underlying complex visual hallucinations. (i) Epileptic hallucinations are probably due to a direct irritative process acting on cortical centres integrating complex visual information. (ii) Visual pathway lesions cause defective visual input and may result in hallucinations from defective visual processing or an abnormal cortical release phenomenon. (iii) Brainstem lesions appear to affect ascending cholinergic and serotonergic pathways, and may also be implicated in Parkinson's disease. These brainstem abnormalities are often associated with disturbances of sleep. We discuss how these lesions, outside the primary visual system, may cause defective modulation of thalamocortical relationships leading to a release phenomenon. We suggest that perturbation of a distributed matrix may explain the production of similar, complex mental phenomena by relatively blunt insults at disparate sites.
 ...
PMID:Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights. 979 40

Autopsy reports of patients with mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and strokelike episode (MELAS) are rare. This report documents the clinical and autopsy findings of a 47-year-old woman with MELAS syndrome. The diagnosis was corroborated by documenting a mitochondrial DNA mutation tRNA-Leu (UUR) at position 3243. The patient's clinical history was marked by schizophrenia, peptic ulcer disease, constipation requiring hemicolectomy, migraine headaches, deafness, and a left temporal lobe infarct. At autopsy, a muscle biopsy demonstrated numerous ragged red fibers and a partial cytochrome C oxidase deficiency. By electron microscopy, increased numbers of slightly hypertrophic mitochondria were observed focally within myocytes and vessel walls; paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions were not seen. The brain at autopsy showed mild cerebral atrophy and diffuse cortical gliosis. Prominent bilateral basal ganglia calcifications and vascular sclerosis were present, and a small remote left temporal lobe infarct was seen.
 ...
PMID:Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome: an autopsy report. 982 26

To date, triple drug therapies for HIV have resulted in spectacular reductions in the number of virus particles and often remarkable recovery from disease in infected people. There is still, however, a great need for improved therapies. A battery of drugs aimed at different stages in the life cycle of HIV will enable switching of treatments if resistant viruses emerge or if patients are unable to tolerate particular therapies. Intense efforts are now underway to produce drugs that target chemokine receptors used by HIV to gain entry into cells. HIV needs two receptors on the host cell surface for efficient attachment and infection. HIV first interacts with CD4 but requires a coreceptor to penetrate the cell membrane. The first coreceptor, identified in 1996, is a member of the family of chemokine receptors, members of the G-protein coupled 7TM superfamily, which are involved in the trafficking of leukocytes in immune surveillance and inflammation. Such a therapeutic approach would differ from those used successfully to date, which focus largely on proteins coded by the HIV virus itself, and which are required for the replicative cycle of the virus. Many small, orally bioavailable molecules that block various 7TM receptors are used to treat a panoply of diseases including ulcers, allergies, migraines, and schizophrenia. These molecules are the cornerstone of the pharmaceutical industry's contribution to the fight against so many diseases, and it is hoped that a small molecule inhibitor of coreceptors can be developed that will become an invaluable drug in the fight against AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Chemokine receptors--future therapeutic targets for HIV? 995 9

The investigation of personality traits of patients suffering from migraine headache with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an important line of research, and differentiating syndromes in treating this disease is one of the characteristics of Chinese Medicine (CM). This study presents the MMPI-(Chinese edition) responses of 80 Chinese subjects with migraine and 40 non-headache healthy control subjects. Among them, migraine fire syndrome (MF) group consisted of 45 subjects (10 men, 35 women); migraine Qi stasis syndrome (MQ) group, 35 subjects (8 men, 27 women). The healthy control group was divided into healthy Qi stasis syndrome (HQ) group, 9 subjects (2 men, 7 women); and healthy normal (HN) group, 31 subjects (7 men, 24 women) according to CM diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed by pairs among four groups. The results revealed that both MF and MQ groups' MMPI profiles were significantly higher than that of the Normal (HN) group, and formed a 1.2.3.7 type slope. Profile deviation in the MQ group was slight, but in the MF group was serious and accompanied by a significant rising scores in F, paranoia (6), schizophrenia (8) and social introversion (0) subtests; HQ group's MMPI profile had a similar deviation as in the MQ group. The results suggest that CM migraine syndromes have an exact expression on MMPI profile, and that MMPI as an effective diagnostic method could be applied for CM syndrome discrimination. The "deviation of migraineurs' personality" may not be a special characteristic held only by migraineurs. The existence of different syndromes in migraine is one of the reasons that different scholars have reported different results on migraine by means of MMPI.
 ...
PMID:MMPI manifestations of Chinese migraine syndromes: a control study. 1035 15

There are two families of dopamine (DA) receptors, called D1 and D2, respectively. The D1 family consists of D1- and D5-receptor subtypes and the D2 family consists of D2-, D3-, and D4-receptor subtypes. The amino acid sequences of these receptors show that they all belong to a large superfamily of receptors with seven transmembrane domains, which are coupled to their intracellular signal transduction systems by G-proteins. The implications of DA receptors in neuropsychiatry and cardiovascular and renal diseases are discussed. Neuropsychiatry indications include Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, migraine, drug dependence, mania and depression, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. The underlying dysfunction of dopaminergic systems and the potential benefits of dopaminergic therapy in these different indications are critically examined. With respect to the pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease, a range of DA agonists are in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. D2-receptor agonist activity is predominant in most effective antiparkinsonian DA agonists. However, in practice, it is difficult to treat patients for several years with DA agonists alone; therapeutic benefit is not sustained. Rather, the use of a combination of DA agonists and levodopa is considered preferable. Reports of the efficacy of DA partial agonists await confirmation, and recent clinical investigations also suggest the potential of D1 receptor agonists as antiparkinson drugs. Regarding migraine pathogenesis, clinical and pharmacological evidence suggests that DA is involved in this disorder. Most prodromal and accompanying symptoms may be related to dopaminergic activation. Several drugs acting on DA receptors are effective in migraine treatment. Furthermore, migraine patients show a higher incidence of dopaminergic symptoms following acute DA agonist administration, when compared with normal controls. In cardiology, the therapeutic benefits of DA agonists are noted in the treatment of heart failure. Low doses of DA are widely used for its specific dopaminergic effects on renal function, which are suggested to be beneficial, and for its alpha- and beta-adrenergic-mediated responses that occur with higher doses. However, studies have been unable to demonstrate that DA can prevent acute renal failure or reduce mortality. It appears that the significant progress that is being made in the molecular understanding of DA receptors will continue to have a tremendous impact in the pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and renal diseases.
 ...
PMID:Dopamine receptors--physiological understanding to therapeutic intervention potential. 1059 3


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>