Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 301 first-time admitted patients with delusional psychoses, 50 met DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), 33 schizoaffective disorder, depressive type (SADD), and 94 schizophrenia. At personal follow-up after 3-39 (mean 22) years, the SADD group was recorded in between on course and outcome variables, but closer to MDD. The findings in MDD and SADD were respectively: remission 66% vs. 42%, personality disorders 14% vs. 12%, anxiety disorder or alcohol abuse 2% vs. 6%, psychosis 18% vs. 36% (with bipolar development in 2% vs. 6%, paranoid disorder 2% vs. 3%, schizophrenia 4% vs. 3%). Chronic psychosis was recorded in 10% vs. 27%. No significant outcome difference was found between early onset MDD and SADD cases and those who fell ill at a higher age. The assumption that antidepressants may induce mania could not be confirmed. Normal premorbid personality seemed to predict a favourable course.
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PMID:Long-term course and outcome in unipolar affective and schizoaffective psychoses. 273 3

Alcohol dependence and abuse have been commonly found to coexist with other psychiatric disorders. In order to further investigate this relationship two populations with combined dysfunctional alcohol use and psychiatric illness were studied, one at an alcohol treatment centre and one at a general hospital psychiatric service. Sixty of the 63 people screened at the alcohol treatment centre and 41 of the 43 people with an alcohol problem at the psychiatric unit, met the combined criteria, thus confirming that a very high proportion of people with alcohol problems, and who present for treatment, also have additional psychiatric disorders. The two sample populations were similar on sociodemographic variables. There were differences in the types of psychiatric disorders occurring at the two treatment centres with depression predominating at the psychiatric unit and anxiety disorders occurring more frequently at the alcohol treatment facility. Both samples showed a high rate of schizophrenia. The sample at the alcohol treatment centre showed higher levels of alcohol consumption and had higher rates of problems associated with alcohol. Service delivery issues are discussed in relation to these results. The importance of psychiatric symptoms in both the genesis of dysfunctional drinking and in service utilisation are highlighted.
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PMID:Alcoholism and psychiatric disorder in patients who present to different services in Wellington. 281 92

Multiple studies have reported about substance abuse in Blacks and Hispanics. However, little is known about substance-abusing psychiatric patients of these ethnic groups. This study reports the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse among 171 consecutive patients (90 Blacks and 81 Hispanics) admitted to the acute psychiatric unit of an inner-city general hospital. The lifetime prevalence was 63%. Within the month prior to admission, 48% had used the following substances: cannabis, 40%; alcohol, 37%; amphetamines, 20%; cocaine, 12%; phencyclidine (PCP), 12%; barbiturates and/or sedative-hypnotics, 10%; opioids, 9%; inhalants, 1%; hallucinogens, 1%. Those who abused alcohol were more likely to abuse barbiturates and/or sedative-hypnotics, and opioids. Logistic regression analysis showed that major depression, ethnicity, and schizophrenia each were significant predictors of particular types of abuse. Patients with major depression were less likely to use PCP, Blacks were more likely than Hispanics to use hallucinogens, and schizophrenics were less likely to use opioids. In all cases in which sex, age, and personality disorder were significant, males, the young adult group, and those with personality disorder were more likely to be abusers. These three variables were all strong predictors of both multiple and extensive substance abuse. Overall, our findings suggest that in the inner-city, a substantial number of young adult psychiatric inpatients are a high risk group for multiple substance abuse. The coexistence of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders has clinical and treatment implications, and calls attention for changes within the conventional psychiatric milieu.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1988
PMID:Inner-city substance abuse patterns: a study of psychiatric inpatients. 326 29

The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis using the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version in personal and telephone interviews with 39 subjects was assessed using a 12- to 19-month test-retest design. Interrater reliability was high (kappa, .69 to .84) for the diagnosis of panic disorder, agoraphobia with panic attacks, probable panic disorder, major depression, and alcohol abuse. We conclude that it is possible to reliably make these lifetime diagnoses in a family study using the telephone interview.
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PMID:Reliability of the telephone interview in diagnosing anxiety disorders. 333 10

In order to assess risk factors for suicide among patients with schizophrenia, we compared 32 patients with schizophrenia who committed suicide during an 11 year follow-up with a control group of 64 schizophrenics who did not commit suicide. A history of previous suicide attempts was the factor most strongly related to suicide. In females we found an increased risk for suicide among unmarried, divorced or widowed and among those living alone. In males we found an increased risk among those with a history of alcohol abuse. In contrast to findings in other studies, distribution of age and sex and a history of depressive episodes were factors not associated with an increased risk for suicide. We conclude that suicidal acts among schizophrenics are often impulsive and difficult to predict. Traditional risk scales are of limited value in the clinical assessment of suicidal risk.
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PMID:Risk factors for suicide among patients with schizophrenia. 342 68

Twenty persons with schizophrenia were identified in a community sample of 2144 adult household residents interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The hierarchy-free lifetime prevalence for a variety of psychiatric disorders is compared in those with and without schizophrenia. Those with schizophrenia were found to have increased chances of having other disorders, all except one having had at least one other disorder. Major depressive episodes, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, alcohol abuse/dependence and drug abuse/dependence, each occurred in over half of the schizophrenics, and panic disorder, antisocial personality, and mania were each found in one sixth to one quarter of the schizophrenics. Although current diagnostic systems generally lack an empirical basis for hierarchies, the practical significance of co-morbidity must be determined from outcome studies, familial morbid risk data and possible differential effects of treatments.
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PMID:Schizophrenia: lifetime co-morbidity in a community sample. 349 58

On the basis of findings of earlier workers, and our own unsystematic observations, we put forward the hypothesis that alcohol abuse was an important etiological factor in some schizophrenia-like psychoses. We tested the hypothesis by comparing schizophrenic patients who had abused alcohol with schizophrenic patients who had not. The findings generally support the hypothesis, and indicate that a chronic psychosis distinguishable by a hallucinatory onset and, at its height, by visual hallucinations, may be one of the complications of alcohol abuse.
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PMID:Alcoholism followed by schizophrenia. 377 64

The functioning of the Regional Review Boards of Ontario (RRB) or their equivalents in other provinces has not been previously reviewed. This study reviews socio-demographic and clinical data of 248 patients seen between 1974 and 1983 by the RRB. The RRB heard 132 applications as 116 were withdrawn. The results are compared with 173 matched inpatient controls. Applications by psychiatrists were infrequently withdrawn or revoked. Long delays between the time of application and the hearing, and a trend towards increasing numbers of applications were noted. Schizophrenia and affective disorder were the most prevalent diagnosis with alcohol abuse and organic brain syndrome being less common among applicants. An increase in duration of stay and transfer to chronic care institutions were found among applicants. Results suggest that RRB's are not 'rubber stamping bodies' and should be more readily available and should have increased public accountability. Future changes to the Mental Health Act should be based on scientific data.
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PMID:Regional Review Boards of Ontario: a medico-legal review. 377 92

Previous reports from treated psychiatric populations have reported a higher risk of mental illness among married females; however, community surveys often do not show this prevalence. Three referral groups, consisting of 488 subjects who were mentally ill but not seeking psychiatric treatment, provided a third type of population. For both sexes, combined drug and alcohol abusers were more likely to be divorced than to be married when compared to the rest of the study population (p less than .05). Both schizophrenia and drug and alcohol abuse showed differential findings by marital status and by sex, with the likelihood of more mentally ill females than males being married in these treatment populations.
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PMID:Marital status of schizophrenic and alcoholic patients. 402 Mar 68

Of the many drug therapies mentioned in this review, only the alcohol-sensitizing drugs have current therapeutic applications in primary alcoholics. When alcohol abuse occurs in association with anxiety, depression, or schizophrenia, treatment with the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and neuroleptic drugs, respectively, may facilitate the alcoholic's ability to participate in other programs. Patients should receive drugs that are appropriate to treatment goals as well as to their psychosocial status. Even if a drug therapy is shown to be efficacious under controlled experimental conditions, its effectiveness may be compromised by a large number of factors that include poor compliance by the patient, a lack of a treatment strategy, or failure to optimize the treatment conditions. New pharmacotherapies with actions directed at central neurochemical pathways mediating alcohol consumption are urgently needed. However, even if such agents become available, they too will only be adjuncts to behavioral and social therapies directed at stabilizing all aspects of the alcoholic's life.
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of chronic alcoholism. 615 46


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