Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been suggested that sensorimotor gating deficits as indexed by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex represent an endophenotypic marker of psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia (SCZ). This hypothesis has been questioned as several studies have found that PPI levels change with improvement in symptoms and are responsive to medications. We tested PPI in a sample of acutely decompensated schizophrenia patients who were re-tested after 2 weeks of hospital treatment. PPI was assessed at three interstimulus intervals (30, 60, and 120 ms) in 23 SCID-diagnosed SCZ patients shortly after admission to an inpatient psychiatric hospital. Eight of these patients were initially tested in a medication-free state, and all were re-tested approximately 2 weeks later after initiation or increase/change of antipsychotic medications. Symptom ratings were collected at both sessions. 20 nonpatient comparison subjects (NCS) were also tested at a 2-week interval. While SCZ patients showed lower PPI at the first session than NCS, after 2 weeks of treatment their PPI increased to levels not different than those of NCS. In contrast, the PPI of NCS remained consistent over a 2-week period. For the SCZ patients, increase in PPI was correlated with a decrease in symptom scores. Our results suggest that PPI can be improved by short-term treatment, and that improvement in sensorimotor gating is associated with treatment-related improvement of symptoms of schizophrenia.
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PMID:The relationship between sensorimotor gating and clinical improvement in acutely ill schizophrenia patients. 1700 74

Cognitive deficits are increasingly considered as essential in schizophrenic disorders. Positive symptoms and cognitive deficits have been found to be independent, whereas negative symptoms show only weak correlations to cognitive impairment. However, the relationship to a third symptom dimension, disorganization, is yet unclear. In a sample of n = 151 schizophrenia inpatients (DSM-IV/SCID) we assessed cognitive impairment using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and symptoms of schizophrenia applying the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Factor analyses resulted in three neuropsychological (attention, memory, abstraction) and five symptom factor scores (negative, impulsiveness, positive, disorganization, depression). The disorganization factor did not correlate significantly with any of the neuropsychological factor scores. Even after controlling for different demographic and clinical variables partial correlation coefficients did not reach a significant level. Thus, we could not confirm the previously reported associations between disorganization and measures of cognitive impairment. Despite a considerable conceptual overlap between interview based symptom ratings and classic neuropsychological tests the empirical association is limited. Our results suggest that disorganization and cognitive impairment represent different symptom dimensions.
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PMID:Disorganization and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: independent symptom dimensions? 1716 77

The purpose of this study was to explore the usefulness of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) Borderline full scale (BOR) and subscales in the assessment of patients being evaluated for dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; Linehan, 1993). We administered 67 patients both the PAI and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) Structured Clinical Interview for Axis II disorders (SCID-II; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, Williams, & Benjamin, 1997). Point biserial correlations showed a significant relationship between the presence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and scores on the BOR and Schizophrenia (SCZ) scales. A regression analysis showed that among the BOR subscales, those measuring identity disturbance, self-harming behavior, and negative relationships were significantly related to the total number of SCID-II BPD criteria. Diagnostic efficiency statistics between the BOR scale and the number of SCID-II BPD criteria indicated that a T score cutoff of 65 optimally differentiates patients who do and do not meet criteria for BPD. The relationship between BOR and SCID-II BPD demonstrates the concurrent validity of the PAI and shows its usefulness in this setting.
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PMID:Concurrent validity of the Personality Assessment Inventory Borderline scales in patients seeking dialectical behavior therapy. 1726 17

The potential of dopamine D(1) receptor agonists to have beneficial effects on cognitive function has been suggested by a body of preclinical evidence. We now report the use of dihydrexidine (DAR-0100), the first full D(1) agonist, in a pilot study assessing single low dose safety and tolerability in patients with schizophrenia. A within-subject cross-over design was used in 20 adults (18-65 years) with SCID-IV diagnosed schizophrenia. Subjects were outpatients with a moderate level of residual negative symptoms, and were on stable dosing of non-D(1)-blocking antipsychotic drugs. Following screening, subjects were hospitalized for 48 h, and at 0800 h each morning scanned on a 3 T MRI scanner for resting brain perfusion, followed by a Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) fMRI scan during an N-Back working memory task. They then received 20 mg subcutaneously (SC) of dihydrexidine or placebo over 15 min, followed by 45 min of intermittent MRI scans of perfusion and BOLD activity during the working memory task. Blood was drawn for serum drug levels and subjects were evaluated for clinical and cognitive changes. The procedure was repeated using the opposite challenge 2 days later. Dihydrexidine was well tolerated with no serious adverse events although three subjects had mild dizziness and five subjects experienced nausea. There was no significant effect of drug on clinical interview ratings or delayed (afternoon) neuropsychological performance. No medication interactions were seen. Thus, a single subcutaneous dose of dihydrexidine is tolerated and safe in patients with schizophrenia and does not produce delayed clinical or neuropsychological improvements.
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PMID:A single 20 mg dose of dihydrexidine (DAR-0100), a full dopamine D1 agonist, is safe and tolerated in patients with schizophrenia. 1746 56

Dopamine D1 receptors play an important role in memory and cognition in non-human primates. Dopamine D1 agonists have been shown to reverse performance deficits in both aged non-human primates and in primates with lesions to dopamine systems. This study explored whether a single dose of the first full D1 agonist dihydrexidine (DAR-0100) would cause changes in brain activity (perfusion) in dopamine-rich brain regions. We used a new gadolinium-contrast magnetic resonance perfusion scanning technique to measure brain activity. A within-subject cross-over double-blind randomized design was used in 20 adults with SCID-diagnosed schizophrenia. Each morning at 0800 h, they were scanned on a 3.0 T MRI scanner for perfusion. They then received either 20 mg of dihydrexidine, or placebo, subcutaneously over 15 min. Over the next 45 min, they had intermittent MRI scans. Two days later, they had a repeat of the Day 1 schedule, but received the opposite treatment from that given on the first day. Within-day, as well as between-day, comparisons were made to test for perfusion effects of dihydrexidine. Analysis revealed that dihydrexidine induced a significant increase in both prefrontal and non-prefrontal perfusion compared to placebo. The greatest increases occurred approximately 20 min after dihydrexidine infusion, consistent with the short pharmacokinetic half-life of dihydrexidine. These data are consistent with the hypothesis formulated from studies of non-human primates that dihydrexidine and other D1 agonists may be able to modulate prefrontal dopaminergic function.
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PMID:A single 20 mg dose of the full D1 dopamine agonist dihydrexidine (DAR-0100) increases prefrontal perfusion in schizophrenia. 1759 15

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, previous studies are mainly based on clinical samples where the comorbidity may be stronger. We investigated in a general population survey the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in persons with psychotic disorders and in users of antipsychotic medication. The study was based on a nationally representative two-stage cluster sample of 8,028 persons aged 30 or over from Finland. Diagnostic assessment of psychotic disorders combined SCID-I interview and case note data. Prevalences of type 2 diabetes, adjusting for age and sex, were estimated by calculating predicted marginals. The prevalence estimate of type 2 diabetes was 22.0% among subjects with schizophrenia, 13.4% among subjects with other nonaffective psychosis and 6.1% in subjects without psychotic disorders. Only two subjects (3.4%) with affective psychosis had type 2 diabetes. Users of all types of antipsychotic medication had increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Our results suggest that type 2 diabetes is a major health concern among persons with schizophrenia and other nonaffective psychotic disorders and also in users of antipsychotic medication, but persons with affective psychosis in the general population may not have increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Type 2 diabetes among persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in a general population survey. 1799 51

The aim of present study was to determine the psychiatric symptoms and comorbidities in patients affected by tinnitus. The study sample, between June 2004 and September 2005, consisted of 180 Turkish adults living in Elazig. Ninety consecutive tinnitus patients were enrolled on their first visit to the outpatients clinic. Control subjects were recruited partly from the social surroundings of the authors. All subjects with significant medical and/or psychiatric pathologies, such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, dementia, and behavioural disorders with social withdrawal or suicidal risk, were excluded, as were those unwilling to take part in the study. For the psychopathological examination, patients underwent the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-I, SCID-II). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Symptom Check list-90 (Revised) (SCL-90-R) were also administered to patients with tinnitus and control subjects. SCL-90-R subscales scores, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory scores were significantly higher in tinnitus patients than in normal control subjects. Twenty-four patients (26.70%) with tinnitus had at least one psychiatric diagnosis. Five control subjects (5.60%) had at least one psychiatric diagnosis. There were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.001). Anxiety disorders and somatoform disorders were significantly higher in tinnitus patients than in normal control subjects. We conclude that psychiatric symptoms (such as symptoms of anxiety, depression or somatization) among patients with tinnitus should alert clinicians for the presence of a chronic and complex psychiatric condition (Axis-I and Axis-II disorders).
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PMID:Assessment of psychopathological aspects and psychiatric comorbidities in patients affected by tinnitus. 1799 75

Different prevalence of non-affective psychosis has been reported in general population surveys. The objectives of this study were to describe lifetime prevalence of non-affective psychosis in Catalonia, Spain; and to analyze the use of the CIDI psychosis module as a screening instrument for psychotic disorders. As part of the ESEMeD project in Catalonia, 1645 respondents were assessed with the CIDI. Respondents who scored positively to any of the CIDI psychosis screen questions, who had been hospitalised for a psychiatric reason or had received antipsychotic medication were re-assessed with the SCID-I by a clinician. The results showed that 11.18% people of the sample had lifetime self reported psychotic symptoms using the CIDI. After a clinical interview with the SCID-I, between 0.85 and 2.37% of the sample had a psychotic disorder, and 0.48%-1.58% had schizophrenia. The most frequent reported psychotic symptoms in individuals without a psychotic disorder were those related with hearing or seeing something missing during a bereavement period. Experiencing mind control, feeling that your mind was being controlled by strange forces, experiencing attempts of communications (CIDI questions) and taking medication were the items that discriminate between non-affective psychosis cases and negatives. Only experiencing mind control was associated with psychotic disorders in a logistic regression analysis. The main conclusions are that the use of lay-administered interviews should only be used as a screening instrument in the detection of psychosis in general population surveys because the majority of self reported psychotic symptoms have not been found to be associated with a psychotic disorder.
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PMID:What is the relative importance of self reported psychotic symptoms in epidemiological studies? Results from the ESEMeD--Catalonia Study. 1849 32

Genetic variation in the serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A) has been associated with both schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. Our sample comprised 270 Irish high-density schizophrenia families (n = 1,408 subjects, including 755 with psychotic illness). Diagnoses were generated using a modified SCID. All patients who had at least one episode of psychosis were rated on the Operation Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT). Lifetime history of suicidal ideation was determined from medical records and psychiatric interviews and was scored in the OPCRIT. Twelve SNPs were selected for study. Ten of these were tagSNPs derived from HapMap data, along with His452Tyr and T102C. We tested for association with psychotic illness as a whole, as well as stratified by the presence of suicidal ideation, using FBAT and PDTPHASE. Single-marker as well as haplotype-based tests using a "sliding window" approach were performed. We observed several 2, 3, and 4 marker haplotypes near the 3' end of the gene that were over-transmitted to psychotic subjects (0.02 </= P </= 0.04). His452Tyr was included in these haplotypes but was not itself significant. We also observed modest over-transmission of a 2-marker haplotype that included T102C (0.04 </= P </= 0.08), which was also not itself significant in single-marker analyses. There was no significant association in the subgroup of the sample with suicidal ideation. Because of multiple testing, these results do not provide support for HTR2A as a susceptibility gene for psychotic illness, or for suicidal ideation within psychotic illness.
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PMID:Genetic variation in the serotonin 2A receptor and suicidal ideation in a sample of 270 Irish high-density schizophrenia families. 1871 14

Several antipsychotic agents are known to prolong the QT interval in a dose-dependent manner. The antipsychotic drugs are substrates of the phase I of biotransformation enzymes of cytochrome P450. In order to find the possible influence of polymorphism of GSTT1 (a member of class theta glutathione S-transferase) on rate-corrected QT interval (QTc) of schizophrenia patients, the present study was done. Forty-three schizophrenia in-patients participated in the study. The patients were diagnosed as chronic schizophrenia according to structured clinical interview using SCID-I (clinician version) to confirm and document DSM-IV diagnosis. Measurements of QT and RR intervals were recorded using a magnifying grid on lead II. The QTc was calculated according to Bazett's formula. Polymerase chain reaction-based method was used in order to determine the GSTT1 genotypes. Based on the fitted model of multiple linear regression analysis, QTc decreased in persons with positive GSTT1 genotype in comparison with the null genotype (beta = -0.328, t = -2.346, p = 0.024). Active genotype of GSTT1 decreased the QTc. Also, QTc was significantly associated with smoking status; it was decreased in smokers compared with nonsmokers (beta = -0.372, t = -2.372, p = 0.014).
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PMID:Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and QT-interval in schizophrenia patients. 1914 81


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