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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three interviewers (second raters) blindly rated 15 audiotapes each of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Axis II (SCID-II) administered to the first degree relatives of probands with either DSM-III-R schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, for a total of 45 second ratings. Interrater reliability was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient and ranged from 0.60 to 0.84. The previous studies of the reliability of structured interviews for diagnosing personality disorders are summarized and compared to the present findings. We conclude that the SCID-II can be reliably used to diagnose schizophrenia-spectrum and affective spectrum disorders in the first degree family members of probands with schizophrenic or bipolar affective disorders.
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PMID:Interrater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Axis II: schizophrenia spectrum and affective spectrum disorders. 177 Dec 9

A number of studies of schizophrenia have demonstrated associations between cognitive impairment and both cerebral ventricle size and negative symptomatology. The nature of these associations, however, have been obscured by interstudy differences in the assessment of cognitive functioning and by the lack of function-related specificity in measures of structural brain abnormality. In this study, 28 SCID-diagnosed chronic schizophrenic inpatients were administered a brief comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests, a computed tomography (CT) scan, and were rated for positive and negative symptomatology. Enlarged ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR) of the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles, the frontal horns, was found to be related to deficits in general intellectual level, conceptual thinking, immediate verbal memory, and psychomotor speed. VBR of the more usually studied bodies of the lateral ventricles was associated only with deficits in verbal memory and motor speed. VBRs were unrelated to both positive and negative symptom measures in this sample. Results suggest that more widespread impairment of schizophrenics' cognitive functioning may be related to structural abnormality within the frontal lobes, complementing recent findings linking structural and metabolic abnormalities of this area of the brain to the disease itself.
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PMID:Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: specific relations to ventricular size and negative symptomatology. 337 Feb 77

Patients with schizophrenia have been described as having deficits in the ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion. We report the results of a study on the effects of global psychopathology, positive and negative symptoms, diagnostic subtype, and antipsychotic medications, on the ability of subjects with schizophrenia to recognize facial affect. Eighteen SCID diagnosed patients with schizophrenia and ten matched controls were evaluated at a drug-free baseline for ability to identify facial expression expressed in a standardized series of photographs, with concurrent measures of global psychopathology, and positive and negative symptoms. At baseline patients were impaired in affect recognition relative to the normals, and impairment was not related to measures of psychopathology or positive or negative symptoms. Performance did not improve with antipsychotic treatment, and patients with paranoid schizophrenia had significantly better affect recognition abilities than non-paranoid patients.
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PMID:Treatment and diagnostic subtype in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia. 762 55

The authors describe the systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) in 50 psychiatric outpatients with a referring DSM-III-R diagnosis of either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N = 31) and subjects with multiple personality disorder (MPD [DSM-IV name change: dissociative identity disorder]; N = 19). Results indicate that patients with MPD experience significantly higher scores for five specific dissociative symptoms than patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The range, severity, and nature of the five dissociative symptom areas evaluated by the SCID-D distinguish MPD from the occasional occurrence of dissociative symptoms which may be seen in schizophrenia. Systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms using the SCID-D can assist in accurate differential diagnosis of MPD and schizophrenia.
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PMID:Distinguishing between multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder) and schizophrenia using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders. 808 78

The Swedish version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia (PANSS) has been tested and construct validity, internal reliability and interrater reliability have been demonstrated to be quite satisfactory. However, the interrater reliability of the negative symptoms was unsatisfactory low. In this study, the Swedish version of the Structured Clinical Interview for the PANSS has been tested. The interrater reliability is increased as compared with the inter-rater reliability achieved by means of the PANSS. As concerns the positive scale, the intraclass coefficients increased to 0.98-0.99 with the SCID-PANSS. For the negative scale, the intraclass coefficients increased to 0.83-0.90 with the SCID-PANSS, and for the general scale the increase was to 0.95-0.98 with the SCID-PANSS. It was also demonstrated that the interrater reliability is higher for the positive and the negative factors derived from the PANSS than for the positive and the negative scales.
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PMID:Interrater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. 817 78

The first 13 consecutive referrals to a newly established Geriatric Psychiatry Research Division (GPRD) at a community mental health center (CMHC) in Baltimore, Maryland, were evaluated with the structured clinical interview (SCID) from the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Revised (DSM-III-R). Although the referring primary diagnoses were confirmed in 54% of patients (7 of 13), an average of three new diagnoses were made for each patient that had not been considered. Of the remaining six patients, four (67%) patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were found to have a diagnosis of affective disorder based on the SCID interview (two patients with bipolar disorder, depressed and two patients with schizoaffective disorder, depressed). In the remaining two (33%) patients, one patient had a diagnosis of mixed dementia due to longstanding alcohol abuse with a superimposed primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type. The remaining patient's initial diagnosis of dementia associated with alcoholism was changed to bipolar disorder, depressed. These results provide support for the hypothesis that older persons with psychiatric illness may have been misdiagnosed at a time of less diagnostic rigor.
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PMID:Misdiagnosis among older psychiatric patients. 855 19

The concentration of cytokines such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been reported to be elevated in depressed and schizophrenic patients and, in healthy persons, upon stress. Interleukin-6 plasma levels were determined in depressed (n = 12) and schizophrenic (n = 32) patients during the acute state of illness and after remission at approximately 8 weeks after admission and were compared with healthy controls (n = 12). Patients were diagnosed according to DSM-III-R by the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID). Severity of illness was assessed for depression by the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and for schizophrenia by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Interleukin-6 plasma concentrations were elevated during the acute state either of depression or of schizophrenia if compared to controls. After remission, IL-6 concentrations in depressed and in schizophrenic patients had decreased and did not differ significantly from controls. We hypothesize that the elevated IL-6 levels during the acute state of depression or schizophrenia may reflect an unspecific stress response.
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PMID:Interleukin-6-(IL-6) plasma levels in depression and schizophrenia: comparison between the acute state and after remission. 933 5

The Holocaust was the most traumatic experience to occur in the 20th century. The present study aims to assess elderly Holocaust survivors in a long-stay psychiatric setting. Data concerning hospitalized survivors were gathered from medical records, repeated interviews (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III [SCID]) with patients, and family interviews. Subjects were all inpatients at Israel's largest psychiatric hospital, Abarbanel Mental Health Center. Patients hospitalized in the same setting who did not undergo the Holocaust were the comparison group. Of the center's 670 beds, 74 (11%) are designated for psychogeriatric patients. Forty-four (59.5%) patients in the psychogeriatric section are Holocaust survivors. There were 41 women and three men in our series. Mean age of the group was 76.2 years (range, 54 to 92). The most frequent diagnosis was schizophrenia (22 of 44). Nearly 30% had been hospitalized chronically since the Holocaust. Mean current hospitalization time was 11.2 years (range, 1 to 45). The frequent diagnosis in the comparison group was also schizophrenia (20 of 30), but indexes of chronicity were more favorable. The severity and the chronic, deteriorating course of illness in this subgroup of survivors may be due to the massive life-long psychologic disintegration imposed by the Holocaust.
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PMID:Holocaust survivors hospitalized for life: the Israeli experience. 982 44

A pattern of negative symptoms associated with a high rate of ongoing brain and ventricular instability has been described in a cohort of schizophrenia spectrum probands (patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder depressed and bipolar, and psychosis NOS) (Garver, D.L., Nair, T.R., Christensen, J.D., Holcomb, J., Ramberg, J., Kingsbury, S., 1999. Differential patterns of premorbid functioning, symptoms and neuroleptic response in stable and unstable ventricular-volume schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, in press). The present study contrasts the prevalence of negative symptoms in first- and second-degree relatives of probands with unstable ventricle volume (UnsVV) and stable ventricle volume (SVV). One hundred and sixteen first- and second-degree relatives of 10 probands were interviewed using the SANS, the 'Characterization of Course: "Pattern of Symptoms"' [from Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH)], SCID and SCID-II by interviewers blind to the status of the proband. Thirty-five of the 116 family members met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, SA depressed, 'Cluster A' of the SCID-II (paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid personality disorder), psychosis NOS, or psychotic affective disorder. These 35 family members were defined as falling within a 'schizophrenia spectrum' as described by Farmer, A.E., McGuffin, P., Gottesman, I.I., 1987. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 634-641, but with the addition of DSM-IV affective psychosis. On that basis, the 35 members were considered 'affected family members' (AFMs). The remaining 81 family members were considered unaffected. The 'predominant symptoms of illness' (during the past 2-3 years) for 25 of the 35 AFMs could be characterized according to the 'Patterns of Symptoms' derived from the CASH. Twenty-five of the 35 AFMs were found to maintain a predominant symptom pattern during the course of illness, which could be characterized according to the 'Pattern of Symptoms' as 'predominantly positive' or 'predominantly negative'. Three of the probands had UnsVV; seven had SVV. Of the 35 AFMs, 11 were related to the UnsVV probands, and 24 were relatives of the SVV probands. The nine rated AFMs of the UnsVV probands showed a trend toward higher SANS scores (7.3 +/- 5.1) (mean +/- s.d.) than the 20 rated AFMs of SVV probands (4.3 +/- 5.1) (p = 0.08) at the time of the interview. Eighty-three per cent (eight of 10) of rated affected pedigree members of the pedigrees delineated by probands with UnsVV probands had a predominantly negative symptom course of illness, and 96% (23 of 24) of rated affected pedigree members of the pedigrees with SVV probands had a predominantly positive symptom course of illness during the preceding 2-3 years (p = 0.002). None of the 12 rated affected pedigree members within pedigrees having UnsVV probands were married at the time of the interview; 45% (14 of 31) of affected pedigree members having SVV probands were married (p = 0.004). A psychiatric disorder, characterized by unstable cerebral ventricles and predominant negative symptoms (including avoidance/failure of marital relationships) appears symptomatically to breed true in pedigrees containing schizophrenia-like illnesses.
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PMID:Negative symptoms of familial schizophrenia breed true in unstable (vs. stable) cerebral-ventricle pedigrees. 998 37

The paper presents diagnostic instruments employed in psychiatric; brief history of their development with regard to their importance for progress in psychiatric epidemiology, the characteristic of the most important diagnostic questionnaire (Present State Examination--PSE, Composite International Diagnostic Interview--CIDI, Schedules for Clinical Assessment In Neuropsychiatry--SCAN, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV--SCID, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--SADS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule--DIS). It also describes some features that should be considered while choosing a proper instrument for a given study. The authors call attention to some differences between instruments, e.g., those related to the structure of the questionnaire, involving diagnostic categories, the sort of information that an instrument allows to collect, competence of interviewers and their training, and also population for which the instrument is assigned. Presenting advantages and disadvantages of instruments, the authors emphasize that there is no best instrument. The choice of questionnaire depends, first of all, on the purpose of the study and the funds that the researches have at their disposal.
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PMID:[The diagnostic questionnaires and their use in epidemiological studies in psychiatry]. 1078 45


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