Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primary vasculitides can affect the central nervous system but the psychiatric manifestations are not well described. The hallmark of the disorder is an acute necrotizing inflammation of the vessel media with fibrinoid necrosis. We report a case of a 31-year-old man who had been treated for schizophrenia but was found to have vasculitides of the microscopic polyangiitis type and who improved on therapy with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. We would like to draw attention to this rare but important manifestation of vasculitis, and to the importance of its recognition.
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PMID:Microscopic polyangiitis presenting as schizophrenia. 1039 98

The paper presents data on the diagnosis, clinical and pathomorphological changes in the central nervous system (CNS) in neurochlamydiasis according to clinical, autoptic, and experimental evidence. It discusses the possible implication of Ch. trachomatis, Ch. pneumoniae, and Ch. psittaci in the development and course of different diseases with CNS involvement: atherosclerosis, vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, autism, vegetative state, sequels of perinatal lesions in childhood and adolescence, HIV infection, etc. Considerable attention is paid to the specific features of diagnosis of Chlamydia-induced CNS lesions. Purposeful pathomorphological investigations are shown to be needed.
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PMID:[Chlamydial infection of the central nervous system. Laboratory diagnosis and clinic and morphological features]. 2474 95

In this update, we review recent advances in antibody-associated disorders of the central nervous system, and the immune mechanisms which may contribute to Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia. The field of neuroimmunology is rapidly developing and has concerned itself with an expanding portfolio of diseases. The core neuroimmunological diseases remain, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, primary inflammatory and antibody-associated disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system (including Myasthenia Gravis and other disorders of neuromuscular junction and muscle, paraneoplastic syndromes, paraproteinaemic neuropathies), and the neurological involvement seen in systemic inflammatory diseases including lupus, sarcoidosis and vasculitis. But it is increasingly realised that immune mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain disease and psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia and depression. These common and devastating disorders, often without effective disease-modifying therapies, are yet to be seen in a conventional neuroimmunology clinic, but the immune mechanisms identified have encouraged research into novel therapeutic approaches for them.
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PMID:Recent advances in the neuroimmunology of cell-surface CNS autoantibody syndromes, Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia. 2518 99

Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic agent from the benzodiazepine group indicated for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and other psychotic conditions. Using clozapine earlier on once a case appears to be refractory limits both social and personal morbidity of chronic psychosis. However treatment with second-generation antipsychotics is often complicated by adverse effects. We present a case of a 33-year-old Caucasian woman with a 25-year history of refractory psychotic mania after switching to a 2-year clozapine therapy. She presented clozapine-induced absolute neutropenia, agranulocytosis, which were complicated by Streptococcus pneumonia and sepsis. Clozapine-induced thromboembolism of the common femoral and right proximal iliac vein, as well as allergic vasculitis, was diagnosed. She achieved full remission on granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and specific antibiotic treatment. Early detection of severe clozapine-induced absolute neutropenia and agranulocytosis enabled the effective treatment of two among its most severe complications. Additional evidence to the previously reported possible causal relation between clozapine and venous thromboembolism is offered. Finally, clozapine-induced allergic vasculitis is confirmed as a late adverse effect of clozapine therapy.
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PMID:Clozapine-Induced Late Agranulocytosis and Severe Neutropenia Complicated with Streptococcus pneumonia, Venous Thromboembolism, and Allergic Vasculitis in Treatment-Resistant Female Psychosis. 2575 70

The case report of a family with coexistence of schizophrenia, systemic malignancy, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and syndrome X is described. The coexistence of malignant transformation, neuronal degeneration, immune dysfunction and psychiatric manifestation have been extensively documented in literature. It is possible that a central dysfunction in neuroendocrine and immune integration may play a role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Elevated levels of an endogenous sodium-potassium ATPase inhibitor, digoxin, a steroidal glycoside, has been reported in syndrome X. The human hypothalamus is the principal source of digoxin. Serum digoxin level and RBC sodium-potassium ATPase were measured in the members of the index family and8 groups of patients with CNS gliomas, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, CNS vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, primary generalised epilepsy, schizophrenia and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Digoxin, being a isoprenoidal compound, its synthesis was assessed by HMG CoA reductase activity. The levels of serum digoxin and HMG CoA reductase activity were found to be increased in the members of the index family and all the 8 groups studied with a corresponding reduction in RBC sodium-potassium ATPase activity. The role of hypothalamic digoxin in the pathogenesis of these diseases is discussed. A digoxin model for hypothalamic regulation of neuronal transmission, endocrine function, immunity and cytodifferentiation is proposed.
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PMID:Digoxin : a model for hypothalamic regulation of neuronal transmission, endocrine function, immunity and cytodifferentiation. 2950 17

The versatile clinical manifestations of the Hashimoto's chronic autoimmune thyroiditis often include psycho-neurological disorders. Although hypothyroidism disturbs significantly the ontogenesis and functions of central nervous system, causing in severe cases of myxedema profound impairment of cognitive abilities and even psychosis, the behavioral, motor and other psychoneurological disorders accompany euthyroid and slightly hypothyroid cases and periods of Hashimoto's disease as well, thus constituting the picture of so called "Hashimoto's encephalopathy". The entity, although discussed and explored for more than 50 years since its initial descriptions, remains an enigma of thyroidology and psychiatry, because its etiology and pathogenesis are obscure. The paper describes the development of current views on the role of thyroid in ontogeny and functions of brain, as well as classical and newest ideas on the etiology and pathogenesis of Hashimot's encephalopathy. The synopsis of the world case reports and research literature on this disorder is added with authors' own results obtained by study of 17 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with schizophrenia-like clinical manifestations. The relation of the disease to adjuvant-like etiological factors is discussed. Three major mechanistic concepts of Hashimoto's encephalopathy are detailed, namely cerebral vasculitis theory, hormone dysregulation theory and concept, explaining the disease via direct action of the autoantibodies against various thyroid (thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin, and TSH-receptor) and several extrathyroid antigens (alpha-enolase and other enzymes, gangliosides and MOG-protein, onconeuronal antigens) - all of them expressed in the brain. The article demonstrates that all above mentioned concepts intermingle and prone to unification, suggesting the unified scheme of pathogenesis for the Hashimoto's encephalopathy. The clinical manifestations, criteria, forms, course, treatment and prognosis of Hashimoto's encephalopathy and its comorbidity to other diseases - are also discussed in brief. The relation between Hashimoto's encephalopathy and non-vasculitis autoimmune encephalomyelitides of paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic origin is emphasized [1 figure, bibliography - 200 references].
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PMID:Thyroid gland and brain: Enigma of Hashimoto's encephalopathy. 3180 87

Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic medication for refractory schizophrenia, but it has many possible serious side effects, including antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). However, the rare case reports available have not presented sufficient characteristic features of drug-induced AAV. Herein, we report a case of a 48-year-old Japanese woman with schizophrenia who presented with fever, arthralgia, myalgia and skin rash after 2 years of clozapine treatment. Her C-reactive protein (CRP) level increased, myeloperoxidase ANCA was positive and skin biopsy revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Initially, steroid administration achieved remission, but her symptoms and high CRP levels relapsed every time the steroid dosage was tapered down. Upon discontinuation of clozapine, her symptoms and elevated CRP level immediately improved and the steroid was successfully tapered and discontinued. This outcome suggested that clozapine was the main cause of AAV.
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PMID:Clozapine-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a case report. 3308 71