Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical presentation of three patients with meningiomas at different frontal sites is described. They had been ill for 3, 25, and 43 years before the tumour was demonstrated radiologically. Apathy, incontinence, dementia, and fits were seen in association with middle and superior frontal lesions, and may be mistaken for symptoms of involutional depression or presenile cerebral atrophy. In contrast, excitement and hallucinosis were seen in association with a basal frontal lesion, and may mimic psychotic syndromes like hypomania and schizophrenia, particularly if the tumour encroaches on the third ventricle and adjacent structures. Irreversible loss of myelin and axons in the frontal areas of brain surrounding the tumour may have contributed to the clinical picture of the syndrome shown by these patients.
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PMID:Three cases of frontal meningiomas presenting psychiatrically. 496 22

Clozapine, used in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia resistant to other neuroleptic medication, is metabolized by the hepatic microsomal system to demethyl-clozapine and clozapine-N-oxide. Changes in clozapine serum concentrations have been documented after initiation of therapy with medications known to induce or inhibit liver microsomal enzymes. These interactions are of clinical importance when diminished efficacy or increased toxic effects of clozapine therapy occur. A 34-year-old schizophrenic man had increased clozapine serum concentrations, leukocytosis, and adverse effects as a result of concomitant erythromycin therapy given for suspected lower respiratory tract infection. Symptoms included somnolence, difficulty in coordination and ambulation, slurred speech, disorientation, and incontinence. The symptoms resolved after treatment with clozapine and erythromycin were discontinued, and treatment with clozapine was gradually resumed.
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PMID:Erythromycin-induced clozapine toxic reaction. 862 81

In schizophrenic patients with incontinence our previous urodynamic studies showed detrusor hyperreflexia in some cases. Many schizophrenic patients have brain abnormalities similar to those associated with urge incontinence and detrusor hyperreflexia in neurological patients. We therefore propose bladder dysfunction and incontinence as previously unrecognized neurobiological correlates of schizophrenia. To clarify this concept our first step, the present study, was a patient survey for urinary problems. Incontinence was more prevalent in schizophrenic patients than in a comparison group of mood disorder patients at the same hospitals. Urge incontinence and leakage of any type were related closely to psychiatric diagnosis. These data, like our pilot urodynamic studies, suggest that incontinence represents detrusor hyperreflexia in a significant subset of schizophrenic patients. Prospective urodynamic studies will be needed to test our proposal directly.
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PMID:Bladder dysfunction in schizophrenia. 926 79

The efficacy of lithium carbonate in the first reported case of a female with mild mental disability who engaged in public and compulsive masturbation is described. The patient was born in 1975, and was 19 years old at first admission. A diagnosis of schizophrenia was initially suspected, therefore the patient was given medication including pimozide, haloperidol, carbamazepine, diazepam and levomepromazine. These medications, however, did not control the symptoms, and the patient showed several side effects, such as incontinence. Only lithium carbonate was efficacious among the medications administered; the patient's abnormal sexual behavior was significantly reduced and no conspicuous side effects were recognized. The mechanisms of lithium carbonate in controlling abnormal sexual behavior are discussed.
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PMID:Efficacy of lithium carbonate on public and compulsive masturbation: a female case with mild mental disability. 947 28

Clozapine is an effective atypical antipsychotic that has high affinity for many neurotransmitter receptors. Among the adverse effects of clozapine, urinary incontinence is commonly found and is suggested to be caused by alpha-adrenergic blockade. We tested the hypothesis that clozapine-induced urinary incontinence is related to a genetic variant of the alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor. We also tested whether the alpha(1a)-receptor gene confers susceptibility to schizophrenic disorders. Our result indicated that the alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism investigated plays no major role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia or in clozapine-induced urinary incontinence. Considering the superior effects of clozapine and its potent adrenergic antagonistic effects, it is of interest to investigate the association between this polymorphism and the treatment response.
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PMID:No evidence for association of alpha 1a adrenoceptor gene polymorphism and clozapine-induced urinary incontinence. 1094 Jul 60

Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia are considered at risk for polydipsia, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by excessive consumption of fluids. This study examined the demographic and health-related characteristics of nursing home residents with psychiatric diagnoses (N = 70) who reside in a 92-bed facility. The prevalence of polydipsia and behavioral characteristics and symptoms as measured by a 17-item polydipsia screening tool also were described. Patients who screened positive for polydipsia (36%) exhibited behaviors that included incontinence, smoking, frequent voiding, and preference for fluid over food. A polydipsia screening program could minimize morbidity and mortality associated with this fairly prevalent condition.
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PMID:Identifying at risk nursing home residents using a polydipsia screening tool. 1510 36

Talnetant (SB-223412) is a selective, orally active NK3 antagonist based on 4-quinolinecarboxamide, and is under development by GlaxoSmithKline (formerly SmithKline Beecham) for the potential treatment of several disorders, including urinary incontinence, irritable bowel syndrome and schizophrenia. By November 2004, the compound had completed phase II trials.
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PMID:Talnetant GlaxoSmithKline. 1604 68

The number of cost-of-illness (COI) studies has expanded considerably over time. One outcome of this growth is that the reported COI estimates are inconsistent across studies, thereby raising concerns over the validity of the estimates and methods. Several factors have been identified in the literature as reasons for the observed variation in COI estimates. To date, the variation in the methods used to calculate costs has not been examined in great detail even though the variations in methods are a major driver of variation in COI estimates. The objective of this review was to document the variation in the methodologies employed in COI studies and to highlight the benefits and limitations of these methods. The review of COI studies was implemented following a four-step procedure: (i) a structured literature search of MEDLINE, JSTOR and EconLit; (ii) a review of abstracts using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria; (iii) a full-text review using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria; and (iv) classification of articles according to the methods used to calculate costs. This review identified four COI estimation methods (Sum_All Medical, Sum_Diagnosis Specific, Matched Control and Regression) that were used in categorising articles. Also, six components of direct medical costs and five components of indirect/non-medical costs were identified and used in categorising articles.365 full-length articles were reflected in the current review following the structured literature search. The top five cost components were emergency room/inpatient hospital costs, outpatient physician costs, drug costs, productivity losses and laboratory costs. The dominant method, Sum_Diagnosis Specific, was a total costing approach that restricted the summation of medical expenditures to those related to a diagnosis of the disease of interest. There was considerable variation in the methods used within disease subcategories. In several disease subcategories (e.g. asthma, dementia, diabetes mellitus), all four estimation methods were represented, and in other cases (e.g. HIV/AIDS, obesity, stroke, urinary incontinence, schizophrenia), three of the four estimation methods were represented. There was also evidence to suggest that the strengths and weaknesses of each method were considered when applying a method to a specific illness. Comparisons and assessments of COI estimates should consider the method used to estimate costs both as an important source of variation in the reported COI estimates and as a marker of the reliability of the COI estimate.
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PMID:Cost-of-illness studies : a review of current methods. 1694 22

Neurogenic bladder leading to urinary incontinence has been described in patients of stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, and some schizophrenia cases with cognitive impairment possibly due to impaired cortical inhibition of the urinary bladder. The underlying brain abnormalities for urinary incontinence are similar in such cases. We report here such a case of neurogenic bladder responding to treatment with clozapine. The possible mechanism of action and clinical implications are described.
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PMID:Clozapine for the treatment of neurogenic bladder. 1724 73

Reporting bias represents a major problem in the assessment of health care interventions. Several prominent cases have been described in the literature, for example, in the reporting of trials of antidepressants, Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs, and selective COX-2 inhibitors. The aim of this narrative review is to gain an overview of reporting bias in the medical literature, focussing on publication bias and selective outcome reporting. We explore whether these types of bias have been shown in areas beyond the well-known cases noted above, in order to gain an impression of how widespread the problem is. For this purpose, we screened relevant articles on reporting bias that had previously been obtained by the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care in the context of its health technology assessment reports and other research work, together with the reference lists of these articles.We identified reporting bias in 40 indications comprising around 50 different pharmacological, surgical (e.g. vacuum-assisted closure therapy), diagnostic (e.g. ultrasound), and preventive (e.g. cancer vaccines) interventions. Regarding pharmacological interventions, cases of reporting bias were, for example, identified in the treatment of the following conditions: depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, pain, migraine, cardiovascular disease, gastric ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, atopic dermatitis, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypercholesterolaemia, thyroid disorders, menopausal symptoms, various types of cancer (e.g. ovarian cancer and melanoma), various types of infections (e.g. HIV, influenza and Hepatitis B), and acute trauma. Many cases involved the withholding of study data by manufacturers and regulatory agencies or the active attempt by manufacturers to suppress publication. The ascertained effects of reporting bias included the overestimation of efficacy and the underestimation of safety risks of interventions.In conclusion, reporting bias is a widespread phenomenon in the medical literature. Mandatory prospective registration of trials and public access to study data via results databases need to be introduced on a worldwide scale. This will allow for an independent review of research data, help fulfil ethical obligations towards patients, and ensure a basis for fully-informed decision making in the health care system.
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PMID:Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review. 2038 11


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