Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relevance of family interactions in the course of affective disorders has been well described. In contrast to the situation regarding schizophrenic disorders, there are few systematic concepts for involvement of the relatives of patients with affective disorders in treatment. The goal of this study was the development and evaluation of a standardised psychoeducational treatment programme. We determined the number and characteristics of relatives accepting the offer of such a group. Relatives of almost half of 55 patients with major depression and a bipolar disorder participated in the group. Relatives of male patients were more likely to take part than relatives of female patients. Relatives of patients with a bipolar disorder were more likely to take part than relatives of patients with unipolar depression. The patients whose relatives attended the group showed a more favourable understanding of the illness and more knowledge about affective disorders, but on the other hand, felt themselves to be more strongly criticised by their relatives and had less social support than the other patients. These results emphasise the importance of differential family-focused treatment modalities in affective disorders.
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PMID:[Treatment utilisation of a psychoeducational group for relatives of patients with affective disorders]. 1588 50

In the recent years, elevated homocysteine plasma levels have been reported to represent a risk factor not only for atherosclerosis, but also to be associated with dementia, depression and-in a gender-specific manner-schizophrenia. Here, we explored a possible association between homocysteinemia and psychiatric disorders. Fasting homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate were determined in an ethnically homogeneous female population with different psychiatric disorders. Homocysteine was not elevated in females suffering from schizophrenia (mean, 11.6+/-5.8 micromol/l). As shown previously, increased homocysteine concentrations were associated not only with dementia of different aetiology (mean, 17.2+/-6.7 micromol/l; chi2=23.39, p<0.001, compared to the schizophrenia group), but also with depressive disorders (mean, 12.9+/-3.8 micromol/l; chi2=6.88, p=0.009). B12 and folate levels did not differ between different diagnostic groups. To further explore the connection between homocysteinemia and affective psychoses, a case-control study examining the C677T and the A1298C variants of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase was conducted. The latter polymorphism not only was associated with affective psychoses in general, but also when divided in unipolar depression and bipolar affective disorder. In conclusion, we suggest that in females homocysteinemia is an unspecific risk factor for organic brain disorders like dementia, and possibly depression, but not for schizophrenia.
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PMID:Homocysteinemia as well as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism are associated with affective psychoses. 1605 53

Visual backward masking deficits have been postulated as potential vulnerability markers for schizophrenia. This study investigated the diagnostic specificity of a location and an identification variant of the backward masking task for schizophrenia and analyzed masking performance during the course of the tasks. The influence of schizophrenia patients' intellectual decline on masking performance was also examined. Twenty-eight schizophrenia patients were compared to 28 patients with unipolar depression and 28 healthy controls on a letter location task and a letter identification task applying a low spatial frequency mask. Schizophrenia patients made significantly more detection errors on the location task than depressives at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 50 ms and healthy controls at ISIs of 16.7, 33.3, 50, and 66.7 ms. Thus, the location masking dysfunction of schizophrenia patients was distinctive at a rather long interstimulus interval (50 ms). On the identification task the performance of schizophrenia patients did not differ from that of the two control groups. Identification but not location masking performance improved during the course of the task for all groups. Intellectual deterioration of schizophrenia patients was not correlated with location or identification masking performance. Schizophrenia patients are characterized by specific impairments in spatial visual processing which appear to be independent of intellectual decline. Potential explanations of the location masking deficit found in schizophrenia are discussed.
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PMID:Visual backward masking: deficits in locating targets are specific to schizophrenia and not related to intellectual decline. 1615 58

This review summarizes the current meta-analysis literature on treatment outcomes of CBT for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. A search of the literature resulted in a total of 16 methodologically rigorous meta-analyses. Our review focuses on effect sizes that contrast outcomes for CBT with outcomes for various control groups for each disorder, which provides an overview of the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as quantified by meta-analysis. Large effect sizes were found for CBT for unipolar depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and childhood depressive and anxiety disorders. Effect sizes for CBT of marital distress, anger, childhood somatic disorders, and chronic pain were in the moderate range. CBT was somewhat superior to antidepressants in the treatment of adult depression. CBT was equally effective as behavior therapy in the treatment of adult depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Large uncontrolled effect sizes were found for bulimia nervosa and schizophrenia. The 16 meta-analyses we reviewed support the efficacy of CBT for many disorders. While limitations of the meta-analytic approach need to be considered in interpreting the results of this review, our findings are consistent with other review methodologies that also provide support for the efficacy CBT.
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PMID:The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. 1619 19

The 5-ht5A receptor is enigmatic among 5-HT receptors since, although the human receptor was cloned in 1994, until recently, very little has been learnt about the function of the receptor in native tissues. Findings from 5-ht5A receptor mRNA localisation and immunolabelling studies have revealed widespread expression in the CNS, and have provided pointers to the potential functional role(s) of the receptor. The expression of the 5-ht5A receptor in raphe nuclei and in higher brain areas, such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, suggests a potential autoreceptor function whilst localisation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) suggests a role in circadian rhythm control. Additionally, 5-ht5A receptor knockout mouse phenotyping studies support a role in the control of exploratory behaviour. The lack of understanding of the role of the receptor has been, in part, due to the lack of available selective 5-ht5A receptor ligands. However, a selective 5-ht5A receptor antagonist, 3-cyclopentyl-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-[(4'-{[(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl}-4-biphenylyl)methyl]propanamide dihydrochloride (SB-699551-A), has recently been identified which appears to be a useful tool with which to elucidate the physiological function of the receptor. Brain localisation and functional studies to date potentially implicate the receptor in the control of circadian rhythms, mood and cognitive function, whilst gene association studies implicate the receptor in the aetiology of schizophrenia. Although much is still to be learnt about the function of the 5-ht5A receptor, on the basis of these findings, it can be speculated that 5-ht5A receptor-selective ligands might show utility in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and unipolar depression in which cognitive or mood disturbances are a feature.
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PMID:5-ht5A receptors as a therapeutic target. 1651 72

About 450 million people all over the world suffer from psychiatric disorders. Limitations and handicaps are caused especially by unipolar depression, excessive alcohol consumption, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder. It is expected that the importance of psychiatric disorders for public health will increase in the coming decades. Psychiatric disorders are often the cause of death, destroy the lives of both patients and their families, have far-reaching economic consequences and are often complicated by somatic diseases. The advances in the field of treatment are impressive but can have only a limited effect on the consequences of psychiatric disorders for public health. The incidence of psychiatric disorders can be reduced by more than 25%. The greatest effects have been seen with depressive disorders, indicated prevention and the use of cognitive therapy. Indicated prevention has also been found to be effective in psychotic disorders. Debriefing is ineffective in posttraumatic stress disorder. The efficacy of universal prevention has not been investigated. There are still insufficient data to develop evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:[The prevention of psychiatric disorders]. 1684 97

The influence of a family history of suicide on suicide attempt rate and characteristics in depression, schizophrenia, and opioid dependence was examined. One hundred sixty inpatients with unipolar depression, 160 inpatients with schizophrenia, and 160 opioid-dependent patients were interviewed. Overall, a family history of suicide was associated with a higher risk for suicide attempt, with high-lethality method, with repeated attempts, and with number of attempts, while the interaction between family history and diagnostic group was not significant. Thus, a positive family history of suicide was a risk factor for several suicide attempt characteristics independent of psychiatric diagnosis.
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PMID:Suicide attempts and family history of suicide in three psychiatric populations. 1655 86

The enormous public health importance of mood disorders, when considered alongside their substantial heritabilities, has stimulated much work, predominantly in bipolar disorder but increasingly in unipolar depression, aimed at identifying susceptibility genes using both positional and functional molecular genetic approaches. Several regions of interest have emerged in linkage studies and, recently, evidence implicating specific genes has been reported; the best supported include BDNF and DAOA but further replications are required and phenotypic relationships and biological mechanisms need investigation. The complexity of psychiatric phenotypes is demonstrated by (a) the evidence accumulating for an overlap in genetic susceptibility across the traditional classification systems that divide disorders into schizophrenia and mood disorders, and (b) evidence suggestive of gene-environment interactions.
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PMID:Genetics of affective (mood) disorders. 1672 2

Current formal psychiatric approaches to nosology are plagued by an unwieldy degree of heterogeneity with insufficient appreciation of the commonalities of emotional, personality, behavioral, and addictive disorders. We address this challenge by building a spectrum model that integrates the advantages of Cloninger's and Akiskalian approaches to personality and temperament while avoiding some of their limitations. We specifically propose that "fear" and "anger" traits--used in a broader connotation than in the conventional literature--provide an optimum basis for understanding how the spectra of anxiety, depressive, bipolar, ADHD, alcohol, substance use and other impulse-control, as well as cluster B and C personality disorders arise and relate to one another. By erecting a bidimensional approach, we attempt to resolve the paradox that apparently polar conditions (e.g. depression and mania, compulsivity and impulsivity, internalizing and externalizing disorders) can coexist without cancelling one another. The combination of excessive or deficient fear and anger traits produces 4 main quadrants corresponding to the main temperament types of hyperthymic, depressive, cyclothymic and labile individuals, which roughly correspond to bipolar I, unipolar depression, bipolar II and ADHD, respectively. Other affective temperaments resulting from excess or deficiency of only fear or anger include irritable, anxious, apathetic and hyperactive. Our model does not consider schizophrenia. We propose that "healthy" or euthymic individuals would have average or moderate fear and anger traits. We further propose that family history, course and comorbidity patterns can also be understood based on fear and anger traits. We finally discuss the implications of the new derived model for clinical diagnosis of the common psychiatric disorders, and for subtyping depression and anxiety as well as cognitive and behavioral styles. We submit this proposed schema represented herein as a heuristic attempt to build bridges between basic and clinical science.
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PMID:Toward an integrative model of the spectrum of mood, behavioral and personality disorders based on fear and anger traits: I. Clinical implications. 1673 70

Quality of Life (QOL) is an outcome measure particularly useful to assess the effects of deinstitutionalization policies. To date no large-scale study has been conducted in residential facilities (RFs). Participants included 1492 subjects living in 174 RFs (20% of the total) randomly sampled in 15 Italian regions. Assessment instruments included the WHOQOL-Bref, the GAF, and the Physical Health Index (PHI). WHOQOL scores of residents were compared with those of healthy subjects (N = 65) and outpatients with schizophrenia (N = 162). Multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship between selected patients' characteristics and WHOQOL scores. Mean WHOQOL scores of residents were similar to those of outpatients with schizophrenia, and substantially lower than those of healthy controls. Lower scores on WHOQOL domains were associated with schizophrenia and non-affective psychoses, unipolar depression, anxiety or somatoform disorders, shorter duration of illness, positive, negative or mood symptoms, lower GAF scores, no participation in internal activities, and PHI score. Our findings are consistent with previous studies. The present study highlights a marked difference between patients in RFs and healthy controls in the social domain. This suggests the need of well-designed rehabilitation plans, tailored to patients' needs, to foster the development of their independence and, ultimately, improve their QOL.
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PMID:The quality of life of the mentally ill living in residential facilities: findings from a national survey in Italy. 1678 71


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