Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three hundred fifty-three psychiatric inpatients and their 192 living spouses and 98 control subjects and their 54 living spouses were examined and interviewed for affective, schizoaffective, schizophrenic (Research Diagnostic Criteria [RDC]), and personality disorders (DSM-III-R) using the Lifetime Version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS-L) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-Personality Disorders (SCID). The morbid risks of spouses for unipolar depression were between .15 and .25, and those for other major disorders were below .03. The morbid risks of spouses of bipolar patients for unipolar depression exceeded those of other spouses by 50% without reaching statistical significance. Personality disorders were found in 44.6% of patients, in 8.4% of patients' spouses, and in 9.8% of healthy controls. There was only one couple in which the husband and wife had each had a major disorder before marriage. Only four husband-wife pairs suffered the same personality disorder. Spouses of patients do not have significantly more psychiatric disorders than healthy controls; therefore, assortative mating can only be of minor relevance in family studies.
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PMID:Morbid risks for major disorders and frequencies of personality disorders among spouses of psychiatric inpatients and controls. 848 83

The staging method, whereby a disorder is characterized according to seriousness, extension and features, has achieved wide currency in medicine but is currently neglected in psychiatry. Studies addressing or related to the issue of staging in schizophrenia, unipolar depression, bipolar disorder and panic disorder are discussed. The phenomenological development of these mental disorders may be categorized according to stages.
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PMID:Staging: a neglected dimension in psychiatric classification. 848 41

The aim of the study was to differentiate bipolar II, bipolar I and recurrent unipolar depression by their familial load for affective disorders. Eighty bipolar, 108 unipolar, 80 control subjects and interviewed first-degree relatives were diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--lifetime version. The morbid risks for bipolar I disorder were equivalent in relatives of bipolar I (3.6%) and bipolar II (3.5%) subjects and lower in relatives of unipolar subjects (1.0%). The morbid risks of relatives for bipolar II disorder distinguished bipolar II subjects (6.1%) from bipolar I subjects (1.8%), from unipolar depressives (0.3%) and from controls (0.5%). To promote further evaluation, bipolar II disorder should be included in DSM-IV as a distinct diagnostic category.
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PMID:The distinction of bipolar II disorder from bipolar I and recurrent unipolar depression: results of a controlled family study. 848 50

Although several studies have reported ventricular enlargement and sulcal prominence in mixed samples of patients with affective disorders (unipolar and bipolar subtypes), it is not established if these findings extend to a homogeneous sample of relatively young patients with unipolar major depression ventricular:brain ratio (VBR) and prefrontal sulcal prominence (PSP). In the present study, measures of ventricle-brain ratio (VBR) and prefrontal sulcal prominence (PSP) were compared in patients with affective disorders (n = 24, mean age = 39), medical control subjects (n = 40), patients with schizophrenia (n = 101) on ventricular : brain ratio (VBR) and prefrontal sulcal prominence (PSP). No statistically significant differences were noted in VBR in the three groups. Both patient groups had significantly greater PSP than the medical control subjects but did not differ significantly from each other. The results of the present study extend the finding of prefrontal sulcal prominence, but not ventricular enlargement, to relatively young patients with unipolar depression. Furthermore, the results of the present study suggest that patients with schizophrenia and patients with affective disorders differ only slightly or not at all in brain morphology, at the level of resolution studied.
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PMID:Increased prefrontal sulcal prominence in relatively young patients with unipolar major depression. 887 12

Patients with first-episode (FE) schizophrenia (n = 27), unipolar depression (n = 10) and bipolar disorder (n = 17) and age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects (n = 27) were administered a battery of neuropsychological (NP) tests. FE schizophrenics performed significantly less well than patients with affective disorders in the area of visual motor processing and attention. Affective disorder patients without psychotic features did not perform significantly differently to controls. However, affective disorder patients with psychotic features performed as poorly as schizophrenics, with the most pronounced impairment in the area of visual motor processing and attention. Our data tentatively suggest the existence of a dichotomy in neuropsychological impairment, with psychotic patients showing similar neuropsychological deficits, while non-psychotic affective patients perform comparably to controls.
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PMID:Contrasts in neuropsychological test profile between patients with first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective disorders. 888 68

The serotonin transporter is a strong candidate for aetiological involvement in affective disorders and psychosis. We analysed a VNTR in intron 2 of the human serotonin transporter gene (hSERT) for allelic association with bipolar affective disorder, unipolar depression and schizophrenia. An increased frequency of allele 12 of the VNTR was observed in subjects with bipolar affective disorder (n = 191; chi 2 p = 0.00048 by allele) but not unipolar depression (n = 86; chi 2 p = 0.18, ns) or schizophrenia (n = 129; chi 2 p = 0.08, ns), although a trend towards an excess of allele 12 was observed for the latter. There was also a significant difference in the frequency of allele 12 between bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression (p = 0.0087). The relative risk for bipolar affective disorder with respect to allele 12 was 1.84 (95% CI 0.97-3.56) for heterozygotes, and 3.10 (95% CI 1.60-6.07) for homozygotes, with evidence for a gene-dosage effect. Because allele 12 is common in the population, the attributable risk is 50.8% (95% CI 14.5%-73.3%). We hypothesize that either the VNTR affects regulation of expression of hSERT at the transcriptional level or it is in linkage disequilibrium with another functional polymorphism in the gene, and this results in an increased risk for the development of bipolar affective disorder.
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PMID:The serotonin transporter is a potential susceptibility factor for bipolar affective disorder. 890 80

The purpose of this study was to examine personality differences among three different Axis I disorders-recovered patients with unipolar depression (n = 62), euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (n = 34), and patients with schizophrenia in the residual phase of their illness (n = 41) using the five-factor model of personality (FFM). The dimensions of the FFM-Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), Openness (O), Agreeableness (A), and Conscientiousness (C)-were measured with composite scores derived from the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI) and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). While no group differences emerged on N or C, the bipolar patients scored significantly higher on the Positive Emotion facet (subscale) of E than the unipolar patients. The schizophrenic patients scored lower on the Feelings, Values and Actions facets of O than did the unipolar and bipolar patients. The unipolar patients scored higher on A than the schizophrenic patients.
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PMID:Relationship between the five-factor model of personality and unipolar, bipolar and schizophrenic patients. 919 2

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a cytokine that has been reported to affect cellular differentiation. Mouse CNTF knockouts have progressive motor neuron atrophy, but this protein has uncertain physiological function in humans. A naturally occurring CNTF variant in man, observed in many populations, abolishes function of the protein product, providing the opportunity to study loss of CNTF function in humans. It has been reported previously that this variant does not predispose to several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, but findings have been more ambiguous with respect to other conditions, such as schizophrenia. We report here allele frequencies for this null mutation in populations diagnosed with mood disorders (unipolar depression, single episode or recurrent; N = 59), schizophrenia (N = 66), or Alzheimer's disease (N = 93). We found no association of the CNTF null with any of these phenotypes. There is presently no known phenotype consistently associated with either heterozygosity or homozygosity for the CNTF null allele, suggesting either that this protein does not serve a necessary function in humans or is redundant with some other protein or that any human phenotype associated with absence of CNTF is considerably more subtle than that seen in mouse.
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PMID:Ciliary neurotrophic factor null allele frequencies in schizophrenia, affective disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. 934 99

The authors assessed five groups of older subjects (age > 45) for evidence of minor physical anomalies. The groups were patients with early-onset schizophrenia (onset at age < 45; n = 15), late-onset schizophrenia (onset at age > 45; n = 8), Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 11), and unipolar depression (n = 11), and normal comparison (NC) subjects (n = 15). Patients with late- and early-onset schizophrenia, and unipolar depression were found to have significantly more anomalies than NC subjects. Patients with AD did not have significantly more anomalies than NC subjects, although the patients with AD were significantly older than the NC subjects. The authors discuss implications of these findings on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Minor physical anomalies in older patients with late-onset schizophrenia, early-onset schizophrenia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. 936 88

We report a case control association study using polymorphic markers D1S1621 and D11S931 in unrelated individuals with schizophrenia, unipolar depression and a matched control group. The two polymorphic markers were identified during the positional cloning of the translocation breakpoint t(1:11)(q43:q14.3) that cosegregates with schizophrenia and affective disorders. These markers provided an opportunity to investigate linkage disequilibrium with a postulated schizophrenia susceptibility gene close to the translocation breakpoint in random populations of schizophrenia and unipolar depression individuals compared with a normal control population. No significant differences between allele frequencies for either of the markers in the affected populations were observed in comparison with the control group, which provides evidence against a nearby gene of major effect in the populations studied.
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PMID:An allelic association study of two polymorphic markers in close proximity to a balanced translocation t(1:11) that co-segregates with mental illness. 946 Aug 2


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