Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Levels of urinary neopterin and biopterin were determined in patients having a diagnosis of schizophrenia, unipolar depression, or bipolar depression. Both neopterin and biopterin levels were significantly higher in the urine of patients with unipolar depression than in the urine of the control group. Subclassification of patients into primary and secondary depression demonstrated a significant elevation of urinary biopterin in both groups, whereas urinary neopterin was elevated only in those patients with primary depression. In patients with bipolar depression, neopterin excretion was elevated, but biopterin excretion did not differ from controls. No significant differences were found in schizophrenic patients.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of biopterin and neopterin in psychiatric disorders. 658 38

Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher after administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 200 mg orally, in unmedicated patients with affective disorders than in controls. The magnitude of the serum cortisol increase correlated positively with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Change (SADS-C) depression syndrome ratings and correlated negatively with psychotic symptoms in 26 patients with major depression. The serum cortisol response was greater in four depressed and three manic patients who made suicide attempts than in 33 patients who were not suicidal or only had suicidal thoughts. The cortisol response was also greater in patients with bipolar depression than in those with unipolar depression and those with a first-degree relative with an affective disorder. Absence of psychotic symptoms and commission of suicidal acts were associated with an increased cortisol response to 5-HTP in the depressed patients. The cortisol response to 5-HTP in the manic patients also tended to correlate with the SADS-C manic syndrome score.
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PMID:Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan on serum cortisol levels in major affective disorders. II. Relation to suicide, psychosis, and depressive symptoms. 660 36

Suicide occurred in 48 of 12,500 adult private psychiatric patients, representing 40,100 years of follow-up. Suicide rates (per 100,000 patients per year), computed from the diagnostic profile of all patients in the practice, were especially high for schizophrenia (411) and bipolar affective disorder (318). The rate of unipolar depression (42) was only slightly higher than that for the general population of San Diego County as computed from coroner's office data. Personality disorder, alcoholism, multiple diagnoses, and psychosis all were associated with increased risk of suicide. Coroner's office reports probably do not accurately reflect suicide risk in treated psychiatric patients.
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PMID:Suicide in a psychiatric practice population. 711 42

A comparison was made of the types of mental disorders occurring in the first-degree relatives of 83 female patients with DSM-III borderline personality disorder, 100 female patients with DSM-III schizophrenia, and 100 female patients with DSM-III bipolar disorder. Diagnosis of the relatives was made independently by two clinicians who were blind to the diagnosis of the probands. The relative of a borderline patient was about ten times more likely to have been treated for a borderline or borderlinelike personality disorder than was the relative of a schizophrenic or bipolar patient. The borderline patients' relatives were also treated for more unipolar depression than the schizophrenics' relatives. However, the relatives of the borderline patients did not have a higher morbid risk for treated mania or schizophrenia than that usually reported for the population at large.
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PMID:Familial transmission of DSM-III borderline personality disorder. 716 79

Echogenicity of the brainstem raphe was assessed in patients with major depression, bipolar affective disorders, and schizophrenia and compared with healthy adults employing transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Forty probands were enrolled in each group. A highly significant reduction in raphe echogenicity was detected only in patients suffering from major depression. Echogenicity of the raphe was independent of age or sex and did not correlate with severity of the depressive syndrome or patient state. These findings are suggestive of structural desintegration of the brainstem raphe in unipolar depression, an anatomical region assumed to be a biological focus in the pathogenesis of depressive syndromes.
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PMID:Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study. 757 61

In light of current linkage studies in schizophrenia, research on the "schizophrenia spectrum" deserves increased attention for an exact determination of the affected phenotype: Those disorders that have a much higher prevalence among biological relatives of schizophrenia patients are supposed to share common etiological factors with "core" schizophrenia. However, there is controversy over which of the DSM-III-R personality disorders should be included in the spectrum. In a controlled family study of inpatients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 101), schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorders (n = 69), and unipolar major depression (n = 160), familial rates of personality disorders were assessed through personal interviews and compared with prevalence rates in 109 control families from the community. As predicted, schizotypal personality disorder occurred more frequently in the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia probands (2.1%) than in the families of unscreened controls (0.3%). Paranoid personality disorder was more frequent in relatives of probands with unipolar depression (2.9%) than in relatives of schizophrenia patients (1.7%), and controls revealed the lowest rate (0.9%). Schizoid personality disorder, however, was extremely rare in all sample groups (between 0.3% and 0.7%), providing no sufficient statistical power for detection of group differences. Further analysis of the DSM-III-R criterion symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder demonstrated that items describing "negative" symptomatology are the main source of familial aggregation, but "psychotic-like" personality features are also contributing factors.
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PMID:Personality disorders among the relatives of schizophrenia patients. 797 65

The different domains of psychopathological research are described. An example of taxonomies that may be relevant for therapy is given. For the apathy scale of the AMDP system it is demonstrated that there is an equivalent severity of this syndrome in acute paranoid hallucinatory schizophrenia and in unipolar depression. In schizophrenia the apathy syndrome may subsume some, if not all, of the negative symptoms, that cause major problems for therapy. A common pathophysiological factor for the syndrome in the two diseases is discussed. A systematic psychopathological approach to the identification of pathophysiological factors of drug effects and their involvement in psychiatric diseases, including experimental variables, is characterized.
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PMID:Psychopathology and the analysis of therapeutic effects. 798 97

A familial relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder is widely acknowledged; the familial relationship between schizophrenia and the broad continuum of schizoid personality variation is less clear. In a comprehensive family study healthy relatives of schizophrenics were compared by self rated personality features with relatives of unipolar depressed patients and with relatives of controls. The dimension of schizoidia was not able to distinguish the groups of relatives. However, relatives of schizophrenics (in particular male relatives) scored higher on 'normalized' personality dimensions such as 'rigidity' and 'neuroticism'. Healthy relatives of probands with unipolar depression revealed a similar deviant pattern.
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PMID:Personality variations in healthy relatives of schizophrenics. 801 88

We studied a large sample of rigorously diagnosed, generally unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder (n = 179), bipolar affective disorder (n = 102), or schizophrenia (n = 125) to determine if increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein is associated with a particular diagnosis or gender. Men had a higher mean CSF protein level than women across all diagnoses (p < 0.001). There were no differences across diagnosis among the female patients. Men with unipolar depression had a higher mean CSF protein content than other male patients (n = 0.029), but depressed bipolar males had an equivalently elevated mean level. Considered apart from unipolar or bipolar diagnosis, the depressive syndrome was strongly associated with increased CSF protein in men (p = 0.004); again, there was no difference across type of illness (depression versus mania) among women. Elevated CSF protein content seems to be associated with illness syndrome rather than diagnosis, and may represent an important finding among men with depression.
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PMID:Elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein in men with unipolar or bipolar depression. 803 97

Data were collected on the point and lifetime prevalences, 1-year incidence, and comorbidity of depression with other disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [3rd ed., rev.]) in a randomly selected sample (n = 1,710) of high school students at point of entry and at 1-year follow-up (n = 1,508). The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children was used to collect diagnostic information; 9.6% met criteria for a current disorder, more than 33% had experienced a disorder over their lifetimes, and 31.7% of the latter had experienced a second disorder. High relapse rates were found for all disorders, especially for unipolar depression (18.4%) and substance use (15.0%). Female subjects had significantly higher rates at all age levels for unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and adjustment disorders; male subjects had higher rates of disruptive behavior disorders.
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PMID:Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. 843 89


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