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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) has been increasingly recognized as extending into adulthood, affecting occupational, interpersonal, and psychological functioning. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and its revision (MMPI-2) have been widely used in the assessment of patients with psychiatric disorders, but few studies have attempted to characterize the personality profiles of individuals with ADD and none have used the MMPI-2. Thirty-three patients with ADD and 33 schizophrenia patients were compared to 46 healthy control subjects on the MMPI-2 validity, clinical and Harris-Lingoes scales. With the exception of significantly lower scores for general affective distress (F), thought disorder (Sc), and paranoia (Pa), ADD subjects demonstrated remarkably similar profiles to those seen in the schizophrenia group. Significant differences between the three groups were found on a majority of the clinical scales, with ADD subjects showing similar profile elevations as schizophrenic subjects on both clinical- and sub-scales. These results were consistent with previous research using the original MMPI in adults with ADD, and confirm that examination of MMPI-2 profiles may be a useful diagnostic aid for this disorder.
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PMID:MMPI-2 characteristics of adults diagnosed with attention deficit disorder. 1006 17

Key substantive findings from quantitative and molecular genetic research are reviewed in relation to affective disorder, schizophrenia, autism, hyperkinetic/attention deficit disorder, oppositional and conduct disorders, drug/alcohol problems, and Tourette's syndrome/chronic tics.
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PMID:Genetics and child psychiatry: II Empirical research findings. 1010 25

During the last decade, brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were extensively characterized from electrophysiological and pharmacological points of view. These receptors play important roles in memory and cognition and participate in the pathogenesis of several brain disorders (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, Tourette's syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder). In the same diseases, clinical studies showed that nicotine had beneficial effects, both as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. This review presents recent data concerning the structure and properties of neuronal nicotinic receptors, their involvement in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders and the beneficial effects of nicotine as therapeutic agent.
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PMID:Nicotine and brain disorders. 1126 71

Attentional dysfunction can be found in nearly every form of psychopathology, not just in attention deficit disorder (ADD). Being able to distinguish ADD from other psychiatric conditions is crucial for clinicians working with adolescents and young adults, particularly in the case of psychoses where making the correct diagnosis and beginning treatment promptly is extremely important. In this paper we review the literature on the attentional dysfunction found in schizophrenia and compare it to that found in ADD in an effort to increase our knowledge of etiology and underlying mechanisms. Investigators studying ADD may learn from the study of schizophrenia by realizing that ADD is also a complex disorder of attention that occurs across the developmental spectrum and is characterized by various predispositional, environmental, and maturational factors.
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PMID:Schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder. Two complex disorders of attention. 1146 44

Del22q11 syndrome is caused by heterozygous deletion of an approximately 3 Mb segment of chromosome 22q11.2. Children diagnosed with del22q11 syndrome commonly have learning difficulties, deficits of motor development, cognitive defects and attention deficit disorder. They also have a higher than normal risk for developing psychiatric disorders, mainly schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Here, we show that mice that are heterozygously deleted for a subset of the genes that are deleted in patients have deficits in sensorimotor gating and learning and memory. The finding of sensorimotor gating deficits is particularly significant because patients with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder show similar deficits. Thus, our deletion mouse models at least two major features of the del22q11-associated behavioral phenotype, and as such, represents an animal model of this complex behavioral phenotype. These findings not only open the way to pharmacological analyses that may lead to improved treatments, but also to the identification of gene/s that modulate these specific behaviors in humans.
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PMID:Mice deleted for the DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome region show abnormal sensorimotor gating and learning and memory impairments. 1172 51

The current study sought to determine the prevalence, severity, and location of white matter signal hyperintensities (WMH) on brain magnetic resonance imaging assessments of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Seventy-one percent (N = 934) of children admitted to the McLean Hospital Child and Adolescent inpatient treatment unit were evaluated with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) within 7 days of admission during the period 1988 to 1993 (total, 1,308 admissions). Four hundred eight of these subjects (43.7%) were referred for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and became our study subjects (mean age, 12.4 years [SD = 2.7]; male/female, 230/178). Study subjects were grouped according to a hierarchical diagnostic system as follows: schizophrenia (n = 42), bipolar disorder (n = 56), unipolar depression (n = 94), conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder (n = 103), and other neurotic disorders (n = 30). Subjects without any level 2 diagnosis on DISC (n = 83) constituted the comparison group. Bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, and conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder groups were significantly more likely to have severe levels of WMH than the comparison group (prevalence rates: 17.9%, 13.8%, 13.6% v 1.2%). In addition, the bipolar disorder group was significantly more likely to have severe levels of WMH than the schizophrenia group (prevalence rates: 17.9% v 2.4%). The frontal lobes were the predominant locations of WMH in the bipolar disorder and unipolar depression groups (76.9% and 60.0%, respectively) and also the most frequent location for the conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder group (35.7%). The current study reports an increased prevalence and severity of WMH in children with bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, and conduct disorder/attention deficit disorder relative to the comparison group and in children with bipolar disorder compared to those with schizophrenia. The development of brain WMH, especially in the frontal lobes, may play a role in the pathophysiology of affective disorders in children and adolescents.
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PMID:White matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children with psychiatric disorders. 1221 11

Attention deficits have been consistently described in schizophrenia. Functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies have focused on anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) dysfunction as a possible mediator. However, recent basic research has suggested that the effect of attention is also observed as a relative amplification of activity in modality-associated cortical areas. In the present study, the question was addressed whether an amplification deficit is seen in the auditory cortex of schizophrenic patients during an attention-requiring choice reaction task. Twenty-one drug-free schizophrenic patients and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were studied (32-channel EEG). The underlying generators of the event-related N1 component were separated in neuroanatomic space using a minimum-norm (LORETA) and a multiple dipole (BESA) approach. Both methods revealed activation in the primary auditory cortex (peak latency approximately 100 ms) and in the area of the ACC (peak latency approximately 130 ms). In addition, the adapted multiple dipole model also showed a temporal-radial source activation in nonprimary auditory areas (peak latency approximately 140 ms). In schizophrenic patients, significant activation deficits were found in the ACC as well as in the left nonprimary auditory areas that differentially correlated with negative and positive symptoms. The results suggest that (1) the source in the nonprimary auditory cortex is detected only with a multiple dipole approach and (2) that the N1 generators in the ACC and in the nonprimary auditory cortex are dysfunctional in schizophrenia. This would be in line with the notion that attention deficits in schizophrenia involve an extended cortical network.
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PMID:Frontal and temporal dysfunction of auditory stimulus processing in schizophrenia. 1248 71

Trace amines are attracting attention as neurotransmitters because they are believed to play a role in human disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit disorder and Parkinson's disease. Research to date is promising and confirms the need for continuing work to forge the way for new drug discovery.
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PMID:Trace amine receptors as targets for novel therapeutics: legend, myth and fact. 1255 Jul 48

Nicotine addiction is the single largest preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western World. Smoking is not any more just a bad habit, but a substance addiction problem. The pharmacological aspects of nicotine show that this substance has a broad distribution in the different body compartnents, due mainly to its lipophilic characteristic. There are nicotinic receptors as members of cholinergic receptors' family. They are located in neuromuscular junction and in the central nervous system (CNS). Although they are similar, pentameric structure with an ionic channel to sodium, there are some differences in the protein chains characteristics. Repeated administration of nicotine in rats, results in the sensitization phenomenon, which produces increase in the behavioral locomotor activity response. It has been found that most psychostimulants-induced behavioral sensitization through a nicotine receptor activation. Nicotine receptors in CNS are located mainly in presynaptic membrane and in that way they regulated the release of several neurotransmitters, among them acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. In some activities like sleep-wake cycle, nicotine receptors have a functional significance. Nicotine receptor stimulation promotes wake time, reduces both, total sleep time and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). About nicotine dependence, this substance full fills all the criteria for dependence and withdrawal syndrome. There are some people that have more vulnerability for to become nicotine dependent, those are psychiatric patients. Among them schizophrenia, major depression, anxiety disorders and attention deficit disorder, represent the best example in this area. Nicotine may have some beneficial effects, among them are some neuroprotective effects in disorders like Parkinson's disease, and Gilles de la Tourette' syndrome. Also there are several evidences that support the role of nicotine in cognitive improvement functions like attention, concentration, and memory. Finally there are several strategies to deal with nicotine dependence, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT), which are nicotine chewing-gum, transdermal nicotine patches, and nicotine inhalators device. Also some antidepressants like bupropion has shown to be effective in smoking cessation treatment. To know more about nicotine phenomenon would be important, because that will allow a more mature perspective about the damage and beneficial effects of that substance.
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PMID:Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders. 1501 38

Psychotic depression is a clinical subtype of major depressive disorder in the recent editions of the psychiatric diagnostic systems ICD-10 (1992) and DSM-IV (1994). Recent evidence suggests that psychotic depressed patients are more impaired on neuropsychologic tests measuring attention as compared to nonpsychotic depressed patients. However, information on this issue between psychotic and nonpsychotic depression is limited. It has become clear that attention is not a single concept; thus we studied both selective and sustained attention using the theoretic model of automatic and controlled information processing. Thirty-two patients with major depressive disorder, 16 psychotics and 16 nonpsychotics, were investigated and compared with 20 patients with schizophrenic disorder and 20 healthy volunteers who comprised the control groups, using Ruff's 2 and 7 selective attention tests. Compared to the healthy controls, both depressed groups were impaired; however, the psychotic depressed group was more severely impaired on both measures. Attentional performance speed and accuracy scores, on both effortless and effortful conditions, were significantly lower in the psychotic depressed group than in the nonpsychotic depressed group. No significant differences were found on attentional performance between the psychotic depressed patients and those with schizophrenic disorder. Attention deficits are thus more prominent in psychotic than in nonpsychotic depression. Furthermore, taking attention as a criterion, psychotic depression, although of mood congruent subtype, lies closer to schizophrenia than to nonpsychotic depression.
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PMID:Attentional disturbances in patients with unipolar psychotic depression: a selective and sustained attention study. 1552 56


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