Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the study's first stage, 284 homeless people from crisis and long-term accommodation sites were surveyed using stratified, systematic sampling. The second stage involved a survey of a convenience sample of 100 homeless people from squats and the streets. Participants completed a questionnaire, Mantoux testing was performed and blood taken for gamma-interferon assay, liver and renal function tests. The group's health status was poor, with 72% experiencing medical conditions in the preceding two years and 77% symptoms in the month prior to interview. Bronchitis, asthma and gastroenteritis were the most commonly reported conditions; productive and persistent coughing, shortness of breath and wheezing the commonest symptoms. Twenty-one per cent had Mantoux reactions 15 mm or greater, 28% a raised GGT and 19% a raised ALT. Seventy-seven per cent smoked, 74% were current drinkers, 28% had injected drugs at some time in their lives and 14% were regularly injecting drugs. Forty-four per cent had experienced mental illness, 49% of whom reported depression and 15% schizophrenia. Homeless people in Melbourne have poor health status and engage in behaviours that place their health at risk. The high number of respiratory and gastro-intestinal complaints, the high level of cigarette smoking and injecting drug use (IDU) and the proportion likely to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) are all issues with important health consequences. Participants recruited from the street had significantly poorer health and engaged in more risk behaviours than those from accommodation sites; those from the accommodated sample were more likely to be infected with Mtb.
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PMID:Health indicators and risks among people experiencing homelessness in Melbourne, 1995-1996. 965 74

During 1987-1996, 39 of 720 patients hospitalized (most for severe schizophrenia) were diagnosed as having active pulmonary tuberculosis (5.4%, 975 per 105 per year). In 1992-1993, after a cluster of 5 cases was found, all patients were screened by PPD skin test and chest X-ray and 16 more cases were identified. Diagnosis was confirmed bacteriologically in only 10 of them but there were typical radiological findings in the others. 39 were treated with a multi-drug regimen. In addition, 333 exposed patients and 21% who had converted their skin tests were given isoniazid preventive therapy. A small increase in levels of liver enzymes was common, but significant abnormality (over 4 times the upper limit of normal) was found in only 7 patients, in whom therapy was therefore stopped or changed. During a follow-up period of 4 years, 2 more developed tuberculosis and 33 converted their PPD reactivity status. We conclude that an outbreak of tuberculosis in a psychiatric hospital can be controlled with a relatively low rate of side-effects by using systematic diagnostic and therapeutic measures. However, single step screening is not sufficient. Routine screening of all new patients, a high index of suspicion and contact investigation are needed.
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PMID:[Recurrent tuberculosis in a psychiatric hospital, recurrent outbreaks during 1987-1996]. 966 3

We studied factors contributing to an increased risk of PPD positive status among 147 inpatients dually diagnosed for mental illness and substance abuse in a large urban hospital. Ninety-three percent (N = 137) were tested for PPD on admission. The rate of positive PPDs was 30.7%. Significant correlates of PPD positive status were the diagnosis of schizophrenia/psychosis NOS (p < .05), and crack cocaine use in the 30 days prior to admission (p < .01). A multiple logistic regression revealed a relative risk of 3.53 (p < .005) for PPD positive status for the crack using group and a relative risk of 2.16 (p < .06) for PPD positive status for the schizophrenic group. Reasons for why patients whose primary drug of abuse is crack cocaine and those whose diagnosis is schizophrenia/psychosis NOS may be at an increased risk for exposure to tuberculosis are discussed as are the implications for public health.
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PMID:Crack cocaine and schizophrenia as risk factors for PPD reactivity in the dually diagnosed. 978 60

The relationship between the pianist and composer Clara Schumann and the composers Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms has for a century been an interesting topic. Clara and Robert Schumann both suffered separation from their mothers during early childhood. Johannes Brahms was intensely spoiled by his mother. Robert Schumann needed a structuring wife in his adult life, while Johannes Brahms turned to be afraid of intrusive women. Robert Schumann's psychotic breakdown in February 1854 had a complex background: a hypomanic state, some marital problems, a stressful journey with musical appearances, and possibly a difficulty in differentiating between himself and his new friend Johannes Brahms. As for Clara Schumann, who lost her mother before the age of five, musical activities became her way of overcoming the difficulties of life. She was able to support Robert in his lunatic asylum and their seven children growing up in three separate towns. The chronic diseases of the sons: schizophrenia, polyarthritis and tuberculosis made a deep impression on her and her fingers and hands were periodically immobilised with severe pain. For four decades Johannes was her able "son" and Clara was his "mother", at a safe distance.
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PMID:["The piano trio" Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms]. 991 57

The existence of discontinuation syndromes following treatment with neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drugs was first outlined in the mid-1960s but the effects of such syndromes have been neglected since then. We have pursued evidence for the existence and nature of discontinuation syndromes following neuroleptics through reports of difficulties following the use of dopamine blocking anti-emetics, the use of chlorpromazine to treat tuberculosis, the use of antidepressant-neuroleptic combinations in affective disorders, the occurrence of tardive syndromes and studies designed to establish the existence of discontinuation syndromes in schizophrenia. Combined these bodies of data point strongly to the existence of discontinuation syndromes after cessation of treatment with neuroleptics which may involve features other than motor dyskinesias. There is at present little evidence on the relative frequency of such syndromes or predisposing factors. The area needs research input to establish the nature of the syndromes that may result, their frequency, predisposing factors and best methods of treatment.
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PMID:Neuroleptic discontinuation syndromes. 1006 16

This comprehensive review includes results of studies on the relationships maternal and child health and fertility and hypotheses on their interactions from a programmatic viewpoint. Child mortality is high for 1st born, low for the 2nd and 3rd child, and increases with parity after the 4th. Infant survival is lowest when the birth interval is 1 year or less. The frequency of low intelligence, mental retardation, malnutrition, and infections increase with family size. Maternal mortality and morbidity increase with parity. Rapid population growth and density is correlated with infections, such as tuberculosis and social pathology, such as schizophrenia. The relationship between health and fertility is complex, since in the absence of family planning, improved health decreases mortality and morbidity, and increase fertile life span. Amenorrhea in general and during lactation lasts longer during malnutrition, but lactation is likely to be more successful in healthy women. It is probably more efficient in personnel, facilities and transportation to combine maternal and child health and family planning services. The work would be more stimulating, and the clients more likely to trust a familiar person. In the prenatal, postpartum, and postabortion periods women are motivated to accept both services. It is said that education and services in infant health will convince people to start planning their families: a few epidemiologic and longitudinal studies support this hypothesis. Probably incentive programs are less cost-effective than combining family health and planning services.
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PMID:[Interactions between health and population]. 1233 84

A 61-year-old woman with schizophrenia that had been treated in a psychiatric hospital was admitted to our hospital because of subileus and back pain. Though subileus was improved, she had a sudden attack of fever 7 days later and developed right pleural effusion, a cold abscess in the anterior chest wall and swelling of a thumb-sized right cervical lymph node which broke through the skin. We made a diagnosis of cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes tuberculosis, tuberculous pleurisy, spinal caries and cold abscess in the anterior chest wall due to the biopsy findings of the specimen taken from the cervical lymph node, examination of pleural effusion, chest CT, bacteriological examination of the cold abscess and spinal MRI. We started chemotherapy with the antituberculous drugs (HRSZ) and symptoms except back pain improved. She complained of paresis of the both lower extremities, which completely paralyzed 8 months later in spite of continued chemotherapy. Thereafter her paralysis was gradually improved and she was able to walk by herself after 12 months chemotherapy.
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PMID:[A case of cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes tuberculosis, tuberculous pleurisy, spinal caries and cold abscess in the anterior chest wall]. 1535 32

Most public health statements regarding exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) recommend avoiding it, especially at midday, and using sunscreen. Excess UVR is a primary risk factor for skin cancers, premature photoageing and the development of cataracts. In addition, some people are especially sensitive to UVR, sometimes due to concomitant illness or drug therapy. However, if applied uncritically, these guidelines may actually cause more harm than good. Humans derive most of their serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) from solar UVB radiation (280-315 nm). Serum 25(OH)D3 metabolite levels are often inadequate for optimal health in many populations, especially those with darker skin pigmentation, those living at high latitudes, those living largely indoors and in urban areas, and during winter in all but the sunniest climates. In the absence of adequate solar UVB exposure or artificial UVB, vitamin D can be obtained from dietary sources or supplements. There is compelling evidence that low vitamin D levels lead to increased risk of developing rickets, osteoporosis and osteomaloma, 16 cancers (including cancers of breast, ovary, prostate and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), and other chronic diseases such as psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, myopathy, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, hyperparathyroidism and susceptibility to tuberculosis. The health benefits of UVB seem to outweigh the adverse effects. The risks can be minimized by avoiding sunburn, excess UVR exposure and by attention to dietary factors, such as antioxidants and limiting energy and fat consumption. It is anticipated that increasing attention will be paid to the benefits of UVB radiation and vitamin D and that health guidelines will be revised in the near future.
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PMID:Sunshine is good medicine. The health benefits of ultraviolet-B induced vitamin D production. 1716 34

To investigate the specific features of the course and efficiency of treatment, the authors examined 72 patients with new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis and schizophrenia versus 68 new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis patients without mental diseases. Tuberculosis has been found to be identified in 66.7% of schizophrenics by lung fluorography made at a mental hospital or specialized dispensary. This mainly diagnoses the circumscribed forms of the disease with a low bacterial discharge, drug resistance, and cavitation while in nonschizophrenics, pulmonary tuberculosis is detected in 33.3% of cases in general health care network facilities. Following 9 months, complex treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in schizophrenics succeeded in ceasing bacterial discharge, as shown by microscopy and sputum cultures, in 94.4 and 84.5% of cases, respectively. However, in schizophrenics receiving chemotherapy for tuberculosis, adverse reactions are revealed in 63.9% of cases, with this the incidence of these reactions depends not only on antituberculosis drugs, but also on drugs taken by patients for schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis need an individual approach to treating the patient, longer treatment, intermittent use of antituberculosis agents, regular clinical and laboratory monitoring of the development of side effects, and complex pathogenetic treatment.
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PMID:[New-onset pulmonary tuberculosis patients with schizophrenia: course and efficiency of treatment]. 1871 46

Schizophrenia is a common, debilitating mental illness that has persisted over the generations. For a disease with a strong genetic component, such prevalence has been difficult to understand in evolutionary terms. A model for its prevalence as a phenotype is presented in this manuscript, based on reports of specific differences in gene expression, metabolite levels and historical epidemiology. The selective force that underlies the proposed model is tuberculosis, a scourge of huge proportions that itself evolved to interact with the human host in a manner ensuring both its long term persistence in the host and its transfer to other carriers prior to the host's unfortunate death. The focal point of the interaction between humans and M. tuberculosis is hypothesized to be the de novo synthesis of NAD via activation of the kynurenine pathway. The strategy that M. tuberculosis employed to circumvent this aspect of the host's response to mycobacterial infection, and how that strategy interacted with a poor diet to force human evolution towards increased risk for schizophrenia, forms the basic premise of this paper. The model has implications for treatment of both diseases and generates hypotheses to be tested.
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PMID:The evolution of schizophrenia: a model for selection by infection, with a focus on NAD. 1914 5


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