Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The excretion of the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its precursor N-methyltryptamine (NMT) was studied among 74 recently admitted psychiatric patients and 19 normal persons. Both compounds were detected in 24-hour urine samples from all subjects. Dimethyltryptamine excretion was greatest in schizophrenia, mania, and "other psychosis" and tended to decline as clinical state improved. Psychotic depressives excreted smaller amounts of DMT more akin to those excreted by neurotic and normal subjects. Urinary NMT excretion was unrelated to psychiatric diagnosis. Ratings on the Present State Examination (PSE) also indicated that increased excretion of DMT was associated with psychotic rather than neurotic psychopathology. Forty-three percent of the variance in urinary DMT levels could be explained in terms of six of the 38 PSE syndromes. Syndromes suggesting elation, perceptual abnormalities, and difficulty in thinking and communicating were most correlated with raised urinary DMT excretion.
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PMID:Increased excretion of dimethyltryptamine and certain features of psychosis: a possible association. 28 76

A case history is presented of a man who met the diagnostic criteria of Briquet's syndrome after a 7-year history of excessive use of psychiatric and medical health care services. Despite his having been seen by several psychiatrists, the diagnosis was made only following the use of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), a structured psychiatric interview, the results of which were applied to operationalized diagnostic criteria (Research Diagnostic Criteria [RDC]). This case demonstrates: 1) the fact that Briquet's Syndrome, commonly considered a female disorder, can occur in men; 2) the utility of structured interviews and defined diagnostic criteria in arriving at unexpected diagnoses; and 3) the importance of recognizing Briquet's Syndrome in order to avoid needless medical intervention for somatic complaints of psychological origins.
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PMID:Briquet's syndrome in a man. 44 40

The experience of an ambulatory treatment for mental chronic outpatients is presented. A trans-disciplinary group (including a psychiatrist, an occupational therapist, a social worker, a nurse, and a psychologist) worked during a 3-year period. Five specific clinics were created: Organic Mental Syndrome, Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Neurosis, and Psychoactive Substance Users. Results of the treatment are presented, showing the benefits such a clinical envisioning meant not only for the patients involved but also for their family, the hospital management, and the members of the therapeutic group as well.
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PMID:[Interdisciplinary ambulatory care in patients with chronic mental disease]. 130 55

Investigations aimed at identifying the clinical characteristics that discriminate tardive dyskinesia (TD) from non-TD patients have yielded disparate findings. We have suggested, based on pharmacological and neuroradiological studies, that TD in schizophrenia may be a covariate of positive symptoms while drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) may relate to negative symptoms. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined in 47 institutionalized schizophrenic patients the relationship of TD and DIP with psychopathology clusters rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. We found that involuntary movements of TD were significantly associated with the activation cluster (p < .01), whereas DIP was significantly associated with the anergia cluster (p < .01). These findings thus support the position that TD is a specific facet of the positive syndrome in schizophrenia, while DIP is a specific feature of the negative syndrome. Clinically, the data suggest that schizophrenic patients with predominant positive symptoms may be at increased risk for TD, while those with prominent negative features could be at increased risk for DIP. In analogy with the positive/negative dichotomy, we propose that TD could be regarded as a "positive," while DIP as a "negative" movement disorder.
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PMID:"Positive" and "negative" movement disorders in schizophrenia. 130 14

Forty-four chronic schizophrenic inpatients participated in this multicentre 12-week parallel-group double-blind trial. After a run-in period of 2 weeks and a single-blind placebo wash-out of 1 week, they were randomly assigned to treatment with either the serotonin2 and dopamine-D2 antagonist risperidone or haloperidol. Two patients were excluded from the efficacy analysis. Five patients dropped out in the haloperidol group and 1 in the risperidone group. At the end of the trial, the mean daily dose was 12 mg for risperidone and 10 mg for haloperidol. The risperidone group showed greater improvement on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-change version, and the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation. The improvement of negative symptoms was more pronounced in the risperidone group until week 8 of double-blind treatment. The consumption of antiparkinsonian medication was 10 times lower with risperidone. Both drugs were well tolerated and the laboratory, endocrinological and cardiovascular safety parameters were comparable. This study suggests that risperidone is comparable to haloperidol as an antipsychotic, but that it has a safer EPS profile.
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PMID:Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic inpatients: a multicentre double-blind comparative study. 137 1

The ventricle-brain ratio (VBR) of 42 chronic schizophrenic patients was compared with that of 42 age-matched medical controls. For the schizophrenics, the relationship of various clinical parameters to the VBR was assessed, and the outcome of 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with either risperidone or haloperidol. The results confirm that schizophrenic patients have slightly enlarged lateral ventricles compared with medical controls. Only for schizophrenics, an effect of age, but not of duration of illness, was noticed. This study does not support the validity of a clinical subdivision of chronic schizophrenic patients on the basis of the VBR. Neither negative, positive nor general psychopathological symptoms, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), were related to the VBR, nor were abnormal involuntary movements or extrapyramidal symptoms. No association between season of birth or a family history of major mental disorder and VBR could be demonstrated. Treatment response was predicted by the total PANSS score and the PANSS general psychopathology subscale score at baseline. There was a trend for patients with higher VBR to have a more or haloperidol). or haloperidol).
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PMID:Ventricular enlargement, clinical correlates and treatment outcome in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. 137 2

In a psychiatric rehabilitation study, 154 concurrent ratings were performed using the 30-item Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the 18-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Although both instruments had excellent interrater reliability, the PANSS was consistently better: on the 18 symptom items the two instruments share, the PANSS had higher intraclass r's on 14; for the syndromes, the PANSS was higher than the BPRS on positive, negative, and total. Weighted Kappas comparing shared items revealed that most were not interchangeable, with only three coefficients in the excellent range. However, syndrome scale scores were very highly correlated and resulted in similar classification for negative schizophrenia. Ten of the 12 items of the PANSS not included in the BPRS had low zero-order correlations with BPRS items, which suggests that they measure symptoms distinct from those measured by the BPRS and should add to clinical predictive power. This proved true in our study of rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia. PANSS symptom ratings explained up to 55% of the variance on seven measures of work performance, whereas the BPRS had lower predictive power on six of the seven measures. We concluded that the PANSS may be superior to the BPRS in clinical research on schizophrenia and that most BPRS items are not interchangeable with identically named PANSS items.
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PMID:The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Reliability, comparability, and predictive validity. 143 24

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to rate clinical symptoms in 42 inpatients with schizophrenia before they were examined by computed tomography. Significantly higher mean size of lateral and third ventricles, and higher mean cortical atrophy were found in schizophrenic patients compared with healthy control subjects. Ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy were significantly related to low scores on the Composite subscale of the PANSS. Positive correlations were observed mainly with negative items such as blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, difficulties in abstract thinking, passive-apathetic social withdrawal, and lack of spontaneity of conversation. Additional positive correlations were observed with two items from the General Psychopathology subscale (mannerisms and disorientation). Inverse correlations were found with most positive items. These results suggest a relationship between brain structural abnormalities and the symptomatology of schizophrenia recorded with PANSS.
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PMID:Relationship between symptoms rated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and brain measures in schizophrenia. 146 47

Forty-eight subjects with diagnoses of schizophrenia were assessed with the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS) to determine the distribution of object relations deficits in the whole sample and four subtypes: paranoid, schizoaffective, poor premorbid, and prominent negative symptoms. Results indicate that 92% of the sample had object relations deficits; 85% showed elevations on the BORI Alienation scale. Subjects with prominent negative symptoms produced lower values on Insecure Attachment and higher values on Egocentricity. This suggests that negative symptoms are associated with a reduction in perceived painfulness of attachment and increased egocentric investment. Other subtyping schemes showed no reliable pattern of object relations deficits.
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PMID:Object relations deficits in subtypes of schizophrenia. 151 37

To compare methods of measuring negative symptoms, eight rating scales were employed to retrospectively assess and subtype 187 patients with schizophrenia from the Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study. These included Andreasen's Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Carpenter's Criteria for the Deficit Syndrome, Kay and Opler's Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, the scales developed by Krawiecka et al and Crow's modification of them, the Negative Symptom Scale developed by Lewine et al, Pogue-Geile and Harrow's Negative Symptom Scale, and Abrams and Taylor's Emotional Blunting Scale. The overlap and concordance, temporal stability, and predictive validity of these instruments are described. When rated from detailed medical records, the reliability of all scales was fair to good. Despite their inclusion of different items, there were high positive correlations between the scales when used to rate negative symptoms dimensionally. When used to classify individual patients as having the negative or deficit syndrome, however, concordance among criteria was low. Using the broadest criteria (Pogue-Geile and Harrow), 75 (40%) patients were diagnosed as having negative syndrome; the narrowest criteria (Andreasen and Olsen) yielded 11 (6%) diagnoses of negative syndrome. Narrower definitions tended to be subsets of broader ones. Carpenter's Criteria for the Deficit Syndrome focus on primary enduring negative symptoms and show the greatest temporal stability. Broader criteria, which diagnose the deficit or negative syndrome independent of severity of positive symptoms, had the greatest predictive validity.
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PMID:Testing systems for assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. 156 76


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