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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred American Indian patients with a Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder (PSUD) were studied with special reference to associated psychiatric disorders. This clinical sample was divided into three groups: PSUD only, PSUD plus an Organic Mental Disorder (OMD), and PSUD plus any other psychiatric disorder. OMD diagnoses included primarily Delirium Tremens and Alcoholic Hallucinosis; cases of Alcohol Amnestic Disorder, Alcohol Dementia, and trauma-induced OMD were also encountered. Other psychiatric disorders included primarily Major Depression and Anxiety Disorder, with smaller numbers of Schizophrenia, Conduct, Sexual, and other Disorders. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared among these three groups. Those with PSUD+OMD tended to be older, male, and have more DSM-III Axis 3 disorders (American Psychiatric Association 1980) as compared to other patients; those with PSUD+other diagnoses tended to be single and younger. Education and occupational status were not related to the three diagnostic groups. The data were also subjected to MANOVA analysis. Even when corrected for sex, types of substance being abused, Axis 3 health status, and other factors, the three diagnostic groups still bore a significant relationship to age. Those with PSUD+Other psychiatric diagnoses besides OMD tended to be youngest. Those with PSUD-only were intermediate by age, while those with PSUD+OMD tended to be the oldest.
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PMID:Substance use and other psychiatric disorders among 100 American Indian patients. 130 30

The clinical characteristics of patients seen at the psychiatric emergency facilities in a Canadian city and the determinants of decisions regarding their treatment were investigated. A total of 544 patients who sought psychiatric emergency services from the three hospitals in Saskatoon during a three month period were studied. Cognitive disturbance, past psychiatric history, previous psychiatric hospitalization and diagnoses of substance use disorders, affective disorders, anxiety disorders and schizophrenic disorders were associated with psychiatric emergencies. Psychiatric diagnoses and availability of social support were significantly associated with disposition. The implications of these findings for psychiatric emergency services are discussed.
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PMID:Psychiatric emergency services in a Canadian city: II. Clinical characteristics and patients' disposition. 844 28

Are inverse relations between psychiatric disorders and socioeconomic status due more to social causation (adversity and stress) or social selection (downward mobility of genetically predisposed)? This classical epidemiological issue is tested by focusing on ethnic status in relation to socioeconomic status. Ethnic status cannot be an effect of disorder because it is present at birth whereas socioeconomic status depends on educational and occupational attainment. A birth cohort sample of 4914 young, Israel-born adults of European and North African background was selected from the country's population register, screened, and diagnosed by psychiatrists. Results indicate that social selection may be more important for schizophrenia and that social causation may be more important for depression in women and for antisocial personality and substance use disorders in men.
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PMID:Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: the causation-selection issue. 154 91

The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R was used to examine the effects of the co-occurrence of psychiatric and substance dependence disorders on diagnostic reliability. The test-retest reliability over a 1-week period was studied in groups of: a) individuals with current substance abuse diagnoses (N = 97), b) individuals with past, but not current, drug histories (N = 146), and c) individuals without substance abuse diagnoses (N = 356; primarily psychiatric patients). A measurement of reliability (Kappa coefficients) was estimated for four general psychiatric categories (psychotic, mood, anxiety, and eating disorders), along with specific most-frequent diagnoses in each category (schizophrenia, major depression, panic disorders, and bulimia nervosa, respectively). Past use and non-drug-use groups were similar in their generally reliable reporting of current and past psychiatric disorders. However, current mood and psychotic disorders were less reliably diagnosed in the group with current substance use disorders.
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PMID:Reliability of dual diagnosis. Substance dependence and psychiatric disorders. 155 65

The revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) distinguishes between Axis I and Axis II disorders: Axis II includes personality (and developmental) disorders, and all others are on Axis I. This distinction is often useful, but the reification of Axis I and II constructs through diagnostic criteria sets that demarcate categorically distinct entities is at times problematic. We review the issues of differentiating personality from Axis I disorders, specifically illustrated by schizotypal and schizophrenic disorders, borderline and mood disorders, antisocial and substance use disorders, and avoidant personality from social phobia. The options for addressing their differentiation include adding exclusion criteria, shifting the placement of disorders, deleting overlapping criteria, adding differentiating criteria, and converting to a dimensional format.
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PMID:Differentiation of Axis I and Axis II disorders. 191 19

As making a diagnosis in emergency psychiatry is often difficult, whether the systematic use of a diagnostic classification is worthwhile can be questioned. In the psychiatric emergency service in the Hague, The Netherlands, the use of a DSM III classification list was evaluated by comparing emergency service diagnoses during subsequent psychiatric treatments in 237 out of 300 consecutive contacts. For Organic Mental Disorders, Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders, Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders, the Kappa coefficient of agreement was found to lie between 0.5 and 0.6. The application of DSM III categories is considered to be suited to diagnostic classification in outreach emergency psychiatry.
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PMID:DSM III in outreach emergency psychiatry. 207 2

This study is part of the ICD-10 field trials in which the use of case vignettes for interrater agreement has been examined. From our electronic database of 880 consecutively admitted inpatients we selected 24 cases that were transcribed to vignettes covering the first 5 ICD-10 target syndrome of dementia, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. ICD-10 was compared with ICD-8 and DSM-III. The results showed that all 3 standard classification systems obtained an acceptable interrater agreement. Among the diagnoses, depressive disorders gave rise to most disagreement between the raters. Discrepancies between the methods of measuring interrater agreement were found when intraclass reliability was compared with consensus calculations for the individual patient.
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PMID:The use of case vignettes in studies of interrater reliability of psychiatric target syndromes and diagnoses. A comparison of ICD-8, ICD-10 and DSM-III. 261 85

Significant relationships were found between unemployment in the last five years and a lifetime history of psychiatric disorder. These results are based on interviews of 3,258 randomly selected non-institutionalized adult residents of Edmonton, conducted by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 30-item). Having a lifetime history of a psychiatric disorder increased the odds of being unemployed 2.8 times. Disorders carrying the highest risk for unemployment were anorexia, antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. GHQ results indicated that those experiencing periods of unemployment are also likely to have higher current symptom and stress levels than those who are employed.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders and unemployment in Edmonton. 316 98

The authors determined the six-month and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among 100 consecutively admitted female offenders to a prison, using Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS Version III) and found high prevalence rates of schizophrenia, major depression, substance use disorders, psychosexual dysfunction, and antisocial personality disorders. The prevalence rates of these disorders were significantly higher than those of the general population. The authors note the implications of their findings for treatment of women within the correctional system.
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PMID:Lifetime and six-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders among sentenced female offenders. 326 81

A multiaxial classification system has been developed in which three ICD-8 derived axes of psychiatric syndromes, personality disorders and somatic syndromes, and two DSM-III axes of psychosocial stressors and social functioning have been included. Global assessment scales were annexed the three ICD-8 axes. This DSM-III/ICD-8 system was used for registration of 880 consequetively admitted psychiatric patients in a general hospital setting. The results showed that six psychiatric syndromes (substance use disorders, schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, reactive psychosis, neurosis, and adjustment reactions) were responsible for 80% of the diagnostic variance. Of these syndromes, manic-depressive psychosis had the highest improvement rate both concerning symptoms and social functioning. Manic-depressive psychosis had also the lowest coefficient of variation in the stay in hospital indicating a high degree of homogeneity in accordance to the diagnose-related group system. However, patients within the categories of reactive psychosis and neurosis who received antidepressants also had a low coefficient of variation, although the neurotics were significantly more depressed than the manic-depressives at discharge from hospital.
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PMID:An integration of the DSM-III and ICD-8 by global severity assessments for measuring multidimensional outcomes in general hospital psychiatry. 359 13


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