Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review summarizes the current meta-analysis literature on treatment outcomes of CBT for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. A search of the literature resulted in a total of 16 methodologically rigorous meta-analyses. Our review focuses on effect sizes that contrast outcomes for CBT with outcomes for various control groups for each disorder, which provides an overview of the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as quantified by meta-analysis. Large effect sizes were found for CBT for unipolar depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and childhood depressive and anxiety disorders. Effect sizes for CBT of marital distress, anger, childhood somatic disorders, and chronic pain were in the moderate range. CBT was somewhat superior to antidepressants in the treatment of adult depression. CBT was equally effective as behavior therapy in the treatment of adult depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Large uncontrolled effect sizes were found for bulimia nervosa and schizophrenia. The 16 meta-analyses we reviewed support the efficacy of CBT for many disorders. While limitations of the meta-analytic approach need to be considered in interpreting the results of this review, our findings are consistent with other review methodologies that also provide support for the efficacy CBT.
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PMID:The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. 1619 19

The objective of the study was to examine differences between asylum seekers, living in asylum seekers' centres, and refugees, who officially have been granted asylum, when they were acutely admitted to a psychiatric hospital. All 53 asylum seekers and 45 refugees, acutely admitted to a Norwegian psychiatric hospital from 1995 to 2001 were included. The number of admissions by coercion, diagnosis, length of hospital stay and years residing in Norway at the time of the admissions were compared between the two groups. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was more frequent among asylum seekers (43.4%) than among refugees (11%), while schizophrenia was more frequent among refugees (62.2%) than among asylum seekers (15%). The refugees (24.4%) were more often admitted by coercion than asylum seekers (11%). The high proportion of PTSD among asylum seekers compared to refugees may be explained by experiences in Norway after arrival into the country. The stresses of life in reception centres and the risk of being expelled from the country may contribute more to these admittances than experiences in the asylum seekers countries of origin.
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PMID:Differences in acute psychiatric admissions between asylum seekers and refugees. 1620 76

We start by assuming that the self is implemented in the brain as a functional unit, with a definite set of properties. We deduce the fundamental properties of the self from an analysis of neurological disorders and from introspection. We formulate a functionalist concept of the self based on these properties reduced to constraints. We use the formalism of schemas in our functionalist analysis, i.e. a symbolic level description of brain dynamics. We then reformulate the functionalist model at a connectionist level and address the emergent "context shifting" problem. We suggest how the model might be mapped onto the functional neuroanatomy of the brain, and how it could be used to give an account of a range of neurological disorders, including hippocampal amnesia, various forms of schizophrenia, multiple personality, autism, PTSD, hemineglect, and reversible anosognosia. Finally, we briefly discuss future perspectives and possible applications of computer implementations of the model.
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PMID:Fundamental principles and mechanisms of the conscious self. 1620 31

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) very often occurs accompanied with other psychiatric disorders such as: Alcohol and Drug abuse, Personality Disorder, General Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Schizophrenia etc. Sometimes it might be a problem for clinicians to differ PTSD symptoms from symptoms of coexisting psychic disorders. The aim of this study was to present the most common PTSD coexisting psycho-disorders. This research was conducted during the period from April 1998 to October 1999. Participants were divided in two groups each containing 30 examinees. The first group consisted of 30 participants with symptoms of PTSD only while the second group included participants who suffered from both PTSD and other psychic disorders (co-morbidity). Both groups were quite similar regarding participants gender and age. The scientific tools used in the research were: Standard Psychiatric Interview, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Drug and Alcohol Abuse Checklist. Our research results are indicating that PTSD symptoms are most common in middle-aged persons, regardless of their gender and age. We have found following coexisting psychic disorders: personality disorder 46.6% (from which 13.3% is permanent personality disorder after the traumatic experience); depression 29.9% (depression without psychotic symptoms 23.3% and depression with coexisting psychotic symptoms 6.6%); drug abuse 13.3; alcohol abuse 6.7% and dissociative (conversion) disorder 3.3%. The results of our work are suggesting that co-morbid psychic symptoms have significant regressive influence on PTSD course and prognosis.
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PMID:Posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) and co-morbidity. 1621 68

The psychological adjustments of "normal" pregnancy are complex, and those of high-risk pregnancy are even more pronounced and severe. A pregnancy may be determined to be at high risk because of obstetric factors in previous pregnancies or the present one; more general medical factors, such as preexisting or emergent disease (often, diabetes); and conditions that are, themselves, psychosocial: anxiety disorders (GAD, OCD, panic disorder, PTSD), mood disorders, and schizophrenia, all of which are a background for a disturbed pregnancy and might complicate a pregnancy denominated high risk for some other reason. This paper discusses these concepts and, in addition, includes sections on pregnancy in adolescence, in the developmentally disabled, and in the situation of chemical dependence (substance abuse).
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PMID:Psychological implications of high-risk pregnancy. 1640 3

About 450 million people all over the world suffer from psychiatric disorders. Limitations and handicaps are caused especially by unipolar depression, excessive alcohol consumption, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder. It is expected that the importance of psychiatric disorders for public health will increase in the coming decades. Psychiatric disorders are often the cause of death, destroy the lives of both patients and their families, have far-reaching economic consequences and are often complicated by somatic diseases. The advances in the field of treatment are impressive but can have only a limited effect on the consequences of psychiatric disorders for public health. The incidence of psychiatric disorders can be reduced by more than 25%. The greatest effects have been seen with depressive disorders, indicated prevention and the use of cognitive therapy. Indicated prevention has also been found to be effective in psychotic disorders. Debriefing is ineffective in posttraumatic stress disorder. The efficacy of universal prevention has not been investigated. There are still insufficient data to develop evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:[The prevention of psychiatric disorders]. 1684 97

The purpose of this study was to determine if patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at higher risk for suicidality than patients without comorbid PTSD. Participants were 165 male veterans with primary diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Those with comorbid PTSD reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors compared to those without comorbid PTSD. These findings suggest that patients with comorbid PTSD are at higher risk for suicidality. Enhanced screening and targeted interventions may be warranted to address comorbid PTSD and increased suicide risk in this population.
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PMID:Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with suicidality in male veterans with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. 1656 80

Genetic variation at the locus encoding the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in some neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), affective disorders (AFDs), schizophrenia, and substance dependence. We therefore performed a mutation scan of the BDNF gene to identify novel gene variants and examined the association between BDNF variants and several neuropsychiatric phenotypes in European American (EA) subjects and controls. Using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC), we identified a novel variant (G-712A) in the putative promoter region. This variant and two previously reported BDNF SNPs (C270T and Val66Met) were genotyped in 295 patients with AD, 108 with AFDs, 96 with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 84 with schizophrenia, 327 with alcohol and/or drug dependence, and 250 normal control subjects. No association was found between these three BDNF gene variants and AD, AFDs, PTSD, or schizophrenia. However, there was a nominally higher frequency of the G-712A G-allele and the G/G genotype in subjects with substance dependence than in controls (Allele: chi(2) = 4.080, df = 1, P = 0.043; Genotype: chi(2) = 7.225, df = 2, P = 0.027). Although after correction for multiple testing, the findings are not considered significant (threshold P-value was set at 0.020 by the program SNPSpD), logistic regression analyses confirmed the modest association between SNP G-712A and substance dependence, when the sex and age of subjects were taken into consideration. The negative results for AFDs, PTSD, and schizophrenia could be due to the low statistical power. Further study with larger samples is warranted.
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PMID:Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene variants and Alzheimer's disease, affective disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and substance dependence. 1664 15

Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) is an anti-inflammatory protein expressed in the respiratory tract. Several studies have suggested the association between CC16 and mental disturbances, such as schizophrenia, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In the present study, we investigated the association between the CC16 gene A38G polymorphism and personality traits in 214 healthy Japanese subjects. Personality traits were evaluated by using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). As a result, no significant association was observed between the genotypes and the scores of the NEO PI-R or the STAI. The present results suggest that CC16 may not have a major role in the development of personality traits.
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PMID:No association between the Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) gene polymorphism and personality traits. 1676 82

The present study examined the impact of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on health-related quality of life and objective measures of health service utilization in 165 male veterans who have primary schizophrenia. Comorbid PTSD was assessed with the PTSD Checklist. Comorbid PTSD was significantly associated with decreased quality of life and increased medical service utilization, including increased psychiatric hospitalization and increased outpatient physical health visits, even after controlling for other clinical and demographic variables among this sample of patients who had primary schizophrenia. Veterans who have schizophrenia should be screened carefully for exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder.
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PMID:The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on quality of life and health service utilization among veterans who have schizophrenia. 1678 2


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