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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy of ECT in the treatment of Schizophrenia was investigated in a double blind controlled trial. The ICD-10 criteria for Schizophrenia were fulfilled by the 20 patients who entered the trial. Consecutive individuals who satisfied the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to a course of (bilateral) six real or simulated ECTs each as applicable. Sixteen patients completed the ECT treatment and 20 weeks follow up period. Analysis of measures of clinical change (BPRS and SANS Scores) showed that both groups of patients improved, but the improvement of patients receiving ECT was not significantly greater than that of the control group.
West Afr J Med
PMID:A controlled trial of modified electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenia in a Nigerian teaching hospital. 1274 77

Recent innovations in the treatment of schizophrenia reflect a growing trend towards community-based care, such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT). These programs reduce psychiatric hospitalization rates, improve residential stability, and result in improved satisfaction with care; however, they fail to show any consistent reduction in psychiatric symptoms or long-term improvement in social adjustment. As growing evidence suggests that the course and outcome of schizophrenia is significantly more favorable in undeveloped countries where community interventions are primary, this paper is an attempt to identify key factors in native African healing practices and their potential application to community-based treatment in the West.
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PMID:Improving community-based care for the treatment of schizophrenia: lessons from native Africa. 1296 32

It has been shown that an excess of pregnancy and birth complications (PBCs) does not contribute to the excess rates of schizophrenia reported for the population of Caribbean origin in Britain compared with the native Caucasian British population. We therefore attempted to compare the rate of PBCs between a sample of schizophrenics in Britain with that of a sample from Trinidad where some of the Caribbean migrants to Britain originated. First contact patients with schizophrenia according to the CATEGO system diagnosis were identified in Trinidad and London. Their mothers, where available, were interviewed using the Lewis-Murray scale for pregnancy and birth complications. Data from Trinidad and Tobago concerning 56 patients were compared with those of the Caucasian (n = 61) and African-Caribbean (n = 50) patients in London. The rate of PBCs was similar for the Caucasian British patients (24.6%) and the patients in Trinidad and Tobago (21.7%). The rates were lowest in the African-Caribbean patients in London (14.0%), though this difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that pregnancy and birth complications are a risk factor for a substantial minority of patients with schizophrenia in Trinidad and London. It also confirms that the excess rates of schizophrenia reported for the Caribbean population in Britain are not due to these complications.
West Indian Med J 2003 Jun
PMID:Pregnancy and birth complications in patients with schizophrenia in Trinidad and London. 1297 62

Antipsychotic medication is integral to the treatment of severe and enduring mental health problems (e.g. schizophrenia). Such medication is associated with significant adverse side effects that can affect treatment adherence. To date there have been few attempts to analyse qualitatively service users' experience of taking antipsychotic medication. This study, conducted in Exeter, South West England, investigates the subjective experience of side effects of antipsychotic medication to gain a greater understanding of service users' experiences and to gain insights into adherence issues. Data were analysed using a variant of grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) and a model of the experience of taking antipsychotic medication was constructed. The interview schedule was then refined and further interviews (including a focus group) were conducted among a diverse sample recruited from local day centres. Results indicated that people taking antipsychotic medication do not see side effects and symptoms as separate issues. Instead, they describe drugs as 'good' or 'terrible'-an indication of the total impact of their treatment. The model constructed reflects this, having the core concept of Well-being: that is, normality of function, feeling and appearance to the outside world. Major themes relating to this core category were managing treatment, evaluating treatment and understanding of the situation. Implications for medication adherence and clinical practice, including drug choice, are discussed, and the doctor-patient relationship is also considered.
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PMID:The quest for well-being: a qualitative study of the experience of taking antipsychotic medication. 1502 2

It has been recognized that there are gender disparities in the admission rates to psychiatric units. While the community prevalence of the major non-organic psychotic mental disorders are thought to have no gender bias, non-psychotic disorders such as depression are more commonly diagnosed in women. Gender differences in admission may indicate differences in severity or in presentation to psychiatric services and would have important implications for the targeting of preventative strategies. The case notes of all admissions to the psychiatric unit at the San Fernando General Hospital were obtained for the calendar year 1999. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnoses and gender were analysed to determine the distribution of diagnostic categories by gender. A total of 119 patients were admitted to the unit for the first time in the period under review, 72 were male (60.5%) and 47 were female (39.5%). There were no significant differences in age by gender. Substance use related admissions and psychotic illnesses (schizophrenia spectrum and affective psychoses) were significantly more common in men (p = 0.006; p = 0.03 respectively). These differences were especially marked for those of East Indian descent. Non-psychotic illnesses were more commonly diagnosed among women (p = 0.0008). These findings suggest that a larger proportion of males are admitted to the general hospital psychiatric unit among first time admissions. This is also true for re-admissions. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with substance use and psychotic disorders, while for women, major depression and non-psychotic illnesses are the main diagnoses. Community surveys are needed to determine whether this demographic pattern of admission reflects the population prevalence of these disorders. Reduction of admission rates will require interventions that are sensitive to gender differences in diagnosis among those admitted to psychiatric units.
West Indian Med J 2003 Dec
PMID:Gender and ethnicity in first admissions to a psychiatric unit in Trinidad. 1504 67

In this study, I investigated the relationships among psychological test variables and schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses in a Russian sample of 180 psychiatric patients. Schizophrenia is understood somewhat differently in Russia than in the West. Analyses compared Rorschach (SCZI, PTI; Exner, 2001) and MMPI (Berezin, Mitroshinkov, & Sokolova, 1994) psychosis indicators (Sc, Sc3, Sc6, and BIZ) and 3 diagnostic systems: (a) Russian traditional, (b) the Russian-modified International Classification of Diseases (9th ed. [ICD-9]; Ministerstvo Zdravokhraneniya SSSR, 1982), and (c) the nonmodified ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992; comparable to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [4th ed.], American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Results showed modest support for the SCZI and PTI but not the MMPI indicators. While the field awaits further evidence, psychologists should proceed with caution when using the Rorschach and MMPI to assess for psychosis among Russians.
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PMID:Association of Rorschach and MMPI psychosis indicators and schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses in a Russian clinical sample. 1527 95

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a psychoeducation program for Chinese family carers of members with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. The participants consisted of 64 carers of clients with schizophrenia who were recruited from a local mental hospital and randomly assigned to the experimental and control arm (32 each). The experimental group received a psychoeducation program developed and implemented by mental health nurses based on Atkinson and Coia's framework. The control group received routine care. The outcome measures were family burden, self-efficacy, and perception of social support. The findings showed that the experimental group had more improvement on their perception of burden of care (t=5.25, p<.01), self-efficacy (t=-7.16, p<.01), and social support (t=-5.61, p<.01). This study supports psychoeducation as an effective nursing intervention for Chinese family carers.
West J Nurs Res 2005 Aug
PMID:Psychoeducation program for chinese family carers of members with schizophrenia. 1602 May 67

Deficits in perceptual organization have been consistently reported in schizophrenia, as has an association between these deficits, disorganized symptoms, and poorer premorbid functioning and prognosis, suggesting that they may be an index of illness severity or progression. It is unclear, however, whether the impairment is present at, or before the first psychotic episode. This study examined perceptual organization in young people considered to be at high-risk for schizophrenia, defined by the "close-in" strategy [Yung, A.R., McGorry, P.D., McFarlane, C.A., Jackson, H.J., Patton, G.C., Rakkar, 1996. Monitoring and care of young people at incipient risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 283-303]. The high-risk group (n=70) was compared to first-episode patients (n=54), and nonpatients (n=24) using a task with known sensitivity to perceptual organization deficits in schizophrenia, and whose scores have predicted long-term outcome and disorganized symptomatology in past studies [Knight, R.A., Silverstein, S.M., 1998. The role of cognitive psychology in guiding research on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In Lenzenweger, M., Dworkin, R.H., (Eds.), Origins and Development of Schizophrenia: Advances in Experimental Psychopathology. APA Press, Washington DC, pp. 247-295.; Silverstein, S.M., Knight, R.A., Schwarzkopf, S.B., West, L.L., Osborn, L.M. Kamin, D., 1996b. Stimulus configuration and context effects in perceptual organization in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105, 410-420.; Silverstein, S.M., Schenkel, L.S., Valone, C., Nuernberger, S., 1998a. Cognitive deficits and psychiatric rehabilitation outcomes in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly 69, 169-191.; Silverstein, S.M., Bakshi, S., Chapman, R.M., Nowlis, G., 1998b. Perceptual organization of configural and nonconfigural visual patterns in schizophrenia: effects of repeated exposure. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 3, 209-223]. There were no differences between groups, and the first-episode group demonstrated non-significantly more sensitivity to stimulus organization than the other groups. When the high-risk group was broken down into its 3 subgroups (A--family history of psychotic illness and recent drop of 30+ points in the GAF scale; B--history of attenuated psychotic symptoms; C--brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms), only group A demonstrated evidence of impairment, but this group differed significantly only from first- and young, later-episode schizophrenia patients, not from nonpatients. These findings are consistent with recent data on pre-attentive processes in schizophrenia which indicate that performance is not impaired and may even be enhanced, early in the illness, with dysfunctions beginning with increased chronicity.
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PMID:Perceptual organization in first episode schizophrenia and ultra-high-risk states. 1649 84

We performed a whole genome microsatellite marker scan in six multiplex families with bipolar (BP) mood disorder ascertained in Antioquia, a historically isolated population from North West Colombia. These families were characterized clinically using the approach employed in independent ongoing studies of BP in the closely related population of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. The most consistent linkage results from parametric and non-parametric analyses of the Colombian scan involved markers on 5q31-33, a region implicated by the previous studies of BP in Costa Rica. Because of these concordant results, a follow-up study with additional markers was undertaken in an expanded set of Colombian and Costa Rican families; this provided a genome-wide significant evidence of linkage of BPI to a candidate region of approximately 10 cM in 5q31-33 (maximum non-parametric linkage score=4.395, P<0.00004). Interestingly, this region has been implicated in several previous genetic studies of schizophrenia and psychosis, including disease association with variants of the enthoprotin and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor genes.
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PMID:Convergent linkage evidence from two Latin-American population isolates supports the presence of a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder in 5q31-34. 1698 60

Brief, reliable and valid measures of psychosis can be very useful in both clinical practice and research, and for identifying unmet treatment needs in persons with schizophrenia. This study examines the concurrent validity and receiver operating characteristics of the psychosis scale of the Revised Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-R). The study was conducted with 71 adults with schizophrenia who were randomly sampled from a large mental health clinic. Study participants at the West Los Angeles Veterans Healthcare Center were assessed using the BASIS-R, a subjective, self-report measure, and the UCLA Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), a clinician-rated measure administered by highly trained research staff. The psychosis scale of the BASIS-R shows good concurrent validity with the psychosis items on the BPRS. Using the BPRS as the gold standard for measuring psychosis, receiver operating characteristics suggest that both the weighted and unweighted versions of the BASIS-R psychosis scale adequately identify psychosis that is moderate or greater or severe. The performance of the two versions was similar. Unweighted scores are easier to calculate, and we therefore recommend cutoff scores based on the unweighted BASIS-R. We identified a cutoff score of 0.5 to best detect moderate or greater psychosis, and a cutoff score of 1.0 to best detect severe or extremely severe psychosis. The BASIS-R has potential as an assessment tool and screening instrument in schizophrenia.
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PMID:The validity of using patient self-report to assess psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. 1720 97


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