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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report on the diagnostic comparative study of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders-Second Edition (CCMD-2) and the DSM-III-R in a field trial in China. The Adult Diagnostic Interview Schedule-Second Edition (ADIS-2), a modified diagnostic interview schedule that can generate both CCMD-2 and DSM-III-R diagnoses, was used to test 254 psychiatric patients in China. It was found that the reliability and validity of the CCMD-2 and DSM-III-R are compatible in most diagnostic categories such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorders. The discrepancies between Chinese and American diagnostic systems were found mainly in neurasthenia and hysterical neuroses. Such discrepancies may have resulted from frequent changes of the diagnostic terms in the West, such as the phenomenon of neurasthenia, or from creating a new disorder entity in CCMD-2, such as "Eastern gymnastic exercises-induced mental disorder. "Further cross-cultural studies focusing on these discrepant disorders are urgently needed to understand the cultural influences on diagnosis, as well as to improve the professional classification of mental disorders in different diagnostic systems.
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PMID:Comparative study of diagnostic systems: Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders-Second Edition versus DSM-III-R. 786 17

A major challenge in the rehabilitation of individuals with schizophrenia is to establish a system of monitoring disease status so interventions can be instituted to prevent disease exacerbation and to promote healthier functioning. Monitoring illness status has primarily focused on indicators of illness. The aim of the present study was to determine what individuals with schizophrenia described as evidence of wellness to generate descriptors for a wellness questionnaire. Twenty participants diagnosed with schizophrenia and living in a community setting were interviewed about their descriptors of wellness. Coding of transcriptions of the interviews yielded two major categories of wellness: Statements related to the reduction or absence of troublesome (illness) indicators and statements related to the presence of helpful or positive (wellness) indicators. Three subcategories, thoughts, feelings, and actions or behaviors emerged under both major categories. The majority of wellness descriptions focused on the presence of wellness and were actions or behaviors.
West J Nurs Res 1994 Jun
PMID:Descriptions of wellness by individuals with schizophrenia. 803 4

A survey by a fixed alternative questionnaire of the attitudes, skills and knowledge of Nigerian psychiatrists and trainees was conducted to provide a comprehensive national information on the use of electroconvulsive therapy, ECT, in Nigeria. The response rate to the mailed questionnaire was 44.3%, a moderate but informative response because it is nationally representative. The findings indicate that Nigerian psychiatrists view the use of ECT favourably. About half of the respondents endorse the use of ECT with children under 16 years of age. Compared to other diagnostic categories, Nigerian psychiatrists showed higher preference for the use of ECT with major depression, schizophrenia and manic excitement. The importance of cross-cultural surveys of the attitude to various treatment modalities are highlighted.
West Afr J Med
PMID:Electroconvulsive therapy in Nigeria: psychiatrists attitudes, knowledge and skills. 808 Aug 31

We present a population-based, longitudinal study of all incident cases (N = 538) of schizophrenia in the London Borough of Camberwell between 1964 and 1984. Cases were selected from the Camberwell Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register. Case-notes were obtained, and further classified using a computerized operational check list for rating psychotic illness. Cases are not restricted to hospital discharges, as in previous studies, and account is taken of time at liberty to offend. In order to test the hypothesis that schizophrenia makes an independent contribution to criminality over other mental disorders, controls were chosen to be representative of nonschizophrenic mental disorders matched for age, sex and period. The rate of conviction is increased in women with schizophrenia compared to other mental disorders for most offence categories (rate ratio = 3.3). In men overall rates do not differ (rate ratio = 1.03), although there is an interaction between gender, schizophrenia and ethnicity, with young black men with schizophrenia being most at risk. The rate ratio for violent offences in men with schizophrenia is 3.8, confirming recent studies from Sweden. Subjects with schizophrenia were more likely to acquire any criminal record than those with other mental disorders. The rate of lifetime conviction was greater in those with schizophrenia than either a sample of working-class boys from the same area followed by Farrington & West, or National data. The risk of first conviction is increased by schizophrenia, unemployment, ethnic group, substance abuse and low social class, and decreased by being employed, married, female and older age of onset. Adjustment using survival analysis showed that schizophrenia made a small independent contribution to the risk of acquiring a criminal record (hazard ratio = 1.4) but gender, substance abuse, ethnicity and age of onset were more substantial. Previous criminality was the strongest independent association of post-illness conviction, with schizophrenia only a trend. Although subjects with schizophrenia were more likely to acquire a criminal record, criminal careers began later and were shorter than those of the controls. The risk of criminality increased throughout the study period, but suggestions of a specific increase in those with schizophrenia as a result of changes in community care were not confirmed. These results confirm that women with schizophrenia are at increased risk of acquiring a criminal record, but the effect in men is for violent convictions only. The strongest associations of criminal conviction remain those recognized in non-schizophrenic subjects.
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PMID:The criminal careers of incident cases of schizophrenia. 808 43

All patients referred for a psychiatric consultation from the adult wards of a General Hospital over a 10-month period were examined. The referral rate was 1.4%. Twice as many female patients were referred as male patients. Parasuicide accounted for 68% of referrals. The most common psychiatric diagnoses were adjustment reaction (41%), depression (23%), alcohol dependence (5%) and schizophrenia (5%). In 30% of referrals, no psychiatric treatment was necessary; 26% were transferred to the psychiatric unit and 17% were discharged to the out-patients' psychiatric clinic. Explanations are offered for the "hidden" psychiatric morbidity in General Hospitals and the high percentage of referrals who did not need psychiatric follow-up. Suggestions are made for a better liaison between physicians and psychiatrists.
West Indian Med J 1993 Dec
PMID:The pattern of in-patient psychiatric referrals in a general hospital. 816 Apr 58

It is well known that psychotic patients have severe social and life-skill deficits. Psychiatric rehabilitation programs are designed to teach these skills to patients. Before implementing such a program, patient deficits should be evaluated with reliable measures. The present study assessed the psychometric properties of the French version of the "Independent Living Skills Survey" (ILSS) developed by Wallace, Kochanowicz and Wallace (Wallace C J, Kochanowicz N, Wallace J [1985] Independent living skills survey. Unpublished manuscript, Mental Health Clinical Research Center for the Study of Schizophrenia, West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center, Rehabilitation Medicine Service [Brentwood Division], Los Angeles, CA). Although widely used, the patient version of this scale has unknown psychometric properties. The ILSS was composed of 75 items, rated as present or absent and distributed in 10 scales. The French version was administered to 145 patients with a psychotic diagnosis who were living in the community. All scales had very good psychometric qualities with the exception of the job-maintenance scale. The test-retest reliability varied from .48 to .85, and alpha coefficients were good for seven of the nine scales. Various aspects of construct validity were explored. The scales discriminated between patients as a function of their subgroups, sex, and diagnosis. Concurrent validity confirmed the specificity of the ILSS dimensions. Factor analysis revealed two factors, one for basic skills and one representing higher order skills. Recommendations for future development of the ILSS are proposed.
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PMID:Assessment of independent living skills for psychotic patients. Further validity and reliability. 830 38

Both researchers and therapists who study schizophrenia make inferences about enduring family roles from observed patterns of interactional talking behavior within families. Evidence regarding the stability of these patterns is rarely investigated. The present study examined the short-term stability of intrafamilial speech patterns (who talks to whom) across two consecutive discussions. The sample was composed of families containing a recent-onset, adult schizophrenic patient. All discussions involved two biological parents and a young adult patient (N = 28). Families were classified into one of three interactional role-structure categories based on the intrafamilial speech patterns in two 10-minute discussions obtained in the same session. In addition, the affective style (Doane, West, Goldstein, et al., 1981) of the content of the discussions was coded. The results indicated that intrafamilial speech patterns were relatively stable across two discussions despite variations in the focus of the problem discussed. Further, when one parent was predominant in the discussion, a higher rate of negative affective statements was observed than when both parents were equal participants. The results provide further support for the use of discussion tasks in generating meaningful family interaction data.
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PMID:Short-term stability of task-generated, interactional patterns in families of schizophrenic patients. 831 93

Schizophrenia is a fairly common disease, afflicting about one per cent of the adult population. It is one of the most severe illnesses that afflict humans and it often runs a chronic, debilitating course. Various lines of evidence now show that the illness is a disease of the brain even though there is no single neuropathological sign off the illness that is common in all patients. Heredity remains the single most important etiological factor associated with the illness. However, even though strong, its link with the illness lives room for the inference that environmental factors are also involved. Intrauterine viral infection and perinatal birth complications are two of such putative environmental etiological factors. The present stage of genetic engineering does not permit for a vigorous campaign of primary preventive measures for schizophrenia even though the prospects are bright that this may soon be so. Secondary prevention is an eminently effective measure for an overwhelming majority of the patients. Tertiary measures are necessary for a substantial minority and, when delivered by highly trained personnel, can improve the quality of life for those that would otherwise develop incapacitating personality and intellectual deterioration.
West Afr J Med
PMID:Is schizophrenia a preventable disease? 851 82

Interpreting the cross-cultural incidence of psychopathology is a focus of continuing debate. This paper explores the lineaments of that debate and its underlying premises concerning difference and distance. Primitivism--a body of ideas, images and vocabularies about cultural others--is characteristically employed to represent non-Western peoples. But it is more fundamentally concerned with the way the West understands itself in contradistinction to these others. It is shown to be a major source of the images used to think about mental illness, and of the intellectual traditions which have constituted cross-cultural psychiatry as a comparative discipline. Psychiatric primitivism employs two opposing perspectives, which we have labelled 'Barbaric' and 'Arcadian' respectively. They are the source of contradictory assertions concerning the relationship between culture and mental illness. They provide the framework which structures contemporary research into the cross-cultural incidence and course of schizophrenia, shaping its methodology, its rhetoric, the strategies by which data are interpreted, and the conclusions which it draws. We demonstrate a convergence of themes whereby images of society, person and mental illness come to signify each other. This is epitomized in three of cross-cultural psychiatry's principal subject areas: amok, shamanism, and the therapeutic quality of 'traditional' society.
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PMID:Interpreting culture and psychopathology: primitivist themes in cross-cultural debate. 852 91

The social and clinical characteristics of one hundred and thirty-one women who attended the psychiatric outpatient clinic for the first time at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Ghana Medical School, within five years (1988-1992) were studied. The data suggested that the peak age of depressed women at consultation was between twenty and forty; and that a significant proportion of them were in the married group. Moreover the majority have no or very little education and thus little opportunity for gainful employment hence the majority were self employed. This finding is markedly different from the findings in the Western Countries, where the depressed women were much older, between thirty-five and fifty-four years; single and were gainfully employed. The average number of children per woman were between five and eight and the women had no adequate financial support from their husbands. These social characteristics reflected in the life-style and the kind of social stresses imposed upon these women in coping with life. These stresses showed in the clinical symptoms they represented, which were mainly somatisation disorder and somatic symptoms, with headaches and insomnia being the most prominent. However, psychological symptoms such as morbid thoughts were found to be few at this first consultation. It was highlighted that the social stresses might possibly be the causes of the clinical presentation of the depressed Ghanaian women. It was suggested that the specificity of headaches as a symptom of other psychiatric disorders other than depressive illness, for example schizophrenia and other endogenous psychiatric disorder among Ghanaian women require further research.
West Afr J Med
PMID:A study of the social and clinical characteristics of depressive illness among Ghanaian women--(1988-1992). 885 70


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