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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since 1969 in California, conservatorship has been the only form of civil, longterm involuntary psychiatric legal process. It does not require hospital-based treatment. This paper reports a preliminary study of this process through a retrospective analysis of conservatorship records in Sacramento County, California, from 1969 through 1976. There is a steady overall increase in the incidence of conservatorships each year. A dramatic decrease in state hospital admissions preceded this increase. Referrals were predominantly (69 percent) from the private sector. Once the first legal step was taken 87 percent of the patients completed the process and were placed on full conservatorship. Median age was 50; 52 percent were male and 90 percent were white. The relative proportion of single persons was high (45 percent). Diagnoses of schizophrenia and organic brain syndrome accounted for 86 percent of conservatees. About half (52 percent) terminate conservatorship after one year. No data were found which could be related to the character of treatment of conservatees. Future research in this area is urgently needed.
West J Med 1979 May
PMID:Conservatorship: an involuntary legal status for 'gravely disabled' mentally disordered persons. 16 Jan 39

The granting of abortions according to the psychiatric indication (PI) in West Germany is discussed. The PI is sharply differentiated from the emergency indication, which is of a social nature. These 2 indications merge in the case of psycho-social considerations. Possible psychological complications of the abortion operation itself should be considered in deciding whether an abortion should be granted, and a waiting period of at least a day should be allowed for both patient and physician before a definite decision is made. The indication for sterilization in conjunction with the abortion operation and the possibility of continuing therapy for those whose abortions are not granted are additional considerations or the decision on the suitability of the PI for a particular patient. The evaluation of suicidal tendencies is important for the psychological evaluation of abortion seekers. In general, cases of endogenous depression do not constitute a indication for abortion, while reactive depression may lead to depressive decompensation in a patient who has an unwanted pregnancy. The prognosis in such cases is especially hard to determine in younger patients. Character neuroses and alcoholism or similar diseases complicate the psychiatrical determination. In cases of schizophrenia and oligophrenia with good prognoses, abortion is not usually indicated. Most applications for abortion which are denied under the PI are of social character and belong under the emergency indication, e.g. serious physical illness of the mother, other handicapped family members, young, unwed mothers. These principles are illustrated with sample cases.
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PMID:[Psychiatric indications for pregnancy interruption]. 35 Aug 3

A psychiatric field-survey was conducted in three villages in West Bengal, India in order to correlate the prevalence of mental morbidity with the socio-economic status of the families. The sample was divided into four groups on the basis of religion or caste. Total morbidity had no statistically significant relationship with socio-economic status in any of the four groups. In the total sample it was directly related. Higher classes had significantly higher rates. Psychoses were not correlated with socio-economic status in any of the groups. Neuroses showed a significantly higher rate in the upper strata of two groups; in the other two groups the trend of prevalence was in the same direction. The four groups had significant differences in their rates of total morbidity. In all the groups females had a higher rate of mental morbidity. Psychoses, Neuroses and Depression were commoner in females and Schizophrenia was commoner in males.
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PMID:Socio-economic status and prevalence of mental disorders in certain rural communities in India. 43 27

The results of a follow-up study of schizophrenics attending a centre in North West India are reported. The relevant literature is reviewed. The results were compared with two well-known studies, one from the United Kingdom and the other from Mauritius. The evidence presented suggests that the course taken by schizophrenia in a newly-developed city and its neighbourhood in this part of India is similar to the one seen in the Western world. This study does not support the view that chronicity of schizophrenia in non-European, non-white populations is different, at least in an urban setting.
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PMID:The chronicity of schizophrenia in North West India. Results of a follow-up study. 62 54

To test the hypothesis of an association between schizophrenia and coeliac disease, the sera of 380 chronic schizophrenic in-patients in two mental hospitals in the West of Ireland have been screened for the presence of reticulin antibodies. Antibodies were found in 26 patients. Twenty-one of these patients were further studied by proximal duodenal mucosal biopsy. None of the biopsies showed the morphological and histological features found in untreated coeliac disease. The incidence of reticulin antibodies in schizophrenic patients and controls is similar. The findings of this study lead to the rejection of the hypothesis of a positive genetic relationship between schizophrenia and coeliac disease.
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PMID:Schizophrenia and coeliac disease--the nature of the relationship. 87 89

Pre-natal infection with polioviruses could contribute to the subsequent development of schizophrenia. The hypothesis draws support from the declining incidence of schizophrenia, the excess of schizophrenic winter births, and the increased rates of schizophrenia among West Indian immigrants. There are parallels with other late sequelae of poliovirus infections. These postulations generate a testable hypothesis of a genetic link between schizophrenia and susceptibility to poliomyelitis.
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PMID:Are polioviruses a cause of schizophrenia? 131 38

Several recent studies have found markedly increased rates of schizophrenia among West Indian immigrants to the UK. Almost exclusively, authors have sought psychosocial explanations for these findings. This paper hypothesises that environmental causes, notably obstetric complications and perinatal infections, provide more plausible aetiological models, especially for the raised rates of schizophrenia among second-generation West Indian immigrants.
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PMID:The relationship between schizophrenia and immigration. Are there alternatives to psychosocial hypotheses? 159 84

Serum tryptophan and erythrocyte Na+/K+ ATPase were determined in 14 epileptics with and without psychosis. The nature of the psychosis in four patients was non-specific. The amino acid and the enzyme levels were also estimated in 11 patients with a diagnosis of functional affective psychosis, 14 patients with schizophrenia, and 9 normal subjects. Comparison of data among the patients and the normal subjects were done using analysis of variance. There were no significant differences in tryptophan profiles and Na+/K+ ATPase levels in epileptics with or without psychosis. In addition, the data obtained for these parameters for the schizophrenics were homogenous to those of epileptics. Significant differences were, however, obtained between the epileptics and patients with affective illness. The data thus suggested that the non-specific psychosis presented by the epileptics may be schizophrenia-like and lend support to a specific psychosis associated with epilepsy.
West Afr J Med
PMID:Blood tryptophan and ATPase in psychosis of epilepsy. 182 59

Eighteen patients (7 men, 11 women) from one of the centres taking part in a multicentre comparative study of remoxipride and haloperidol in the treatment of acute schizophrenia were investigated separately to study the effect of the two neuroleptic drugs on cognitive abilities. The tests of cognitive ability that were used are standard in West Germany. The results of this study indicate that there could be differences between remoxipride and haloperidol regarding their effects on cognitive abilities--the patients who had been treated for four weeks with remoxipride showed a greater "mental fitness".
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PMID:Cognitive disturbances in neuroleptic therapy. 197 91

An analysis from the Finnish East and West Cohort of the Seven Countries Study tested the hypothesis that front line service during modern warfare is associated with depression later in life. World War Two-era Finnish combat veterans were compared to Finnish veterans who were non-combatants. Both groups were followed from 1959 to 1984. Dependent variables were the Zung depression scale and other measures of psychosocial adaptation and mental health. Analysis of variance of Zung scores by combat exposure was close to statistical significance (p = 0.0501). Even if statistical significance had been reached, it is felt that the absolute magnitude of the differences between the populations appear quite trivial. A significant association was found for those who had participated in over nine battles and when grouping depression, sleeplessness, paranoia, hallucinations, schizophrenia, and other mental illness into the general category of any mental illness (O.R. = 4.414; 95% C.I. = 1.113, 17.503). This seems to support the residual stress hypothesis pertaining to modern combat exposure.
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PMID:Depression late after combat: a follow-up of Finnish World War Two veterans from the seven countries east-west cohort. 205 71


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