Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to reveal psychopathological disturbances in schizophrenia appearing under the influence of psychogenic factors, 145 schizophrenic patients with attack-like progressive and continuous forms of development, accompanied by psychogenic reactions were examined. The significant changes in the clinical picture of such conditions expressed in atypical and fragmentary psychopathological signs indicate a deep influence of psychogenic reactions on the pathogenesis of the schizophrenic process. The study demonstrated as well a certain dependence of the psychogenic modification in the clinical picture of schizophrenia on the form of development and character of psychogenic disorders. The results of the study may help to overcome difficulties in differential diagnosis of schizophrenia complicated by psychogenic reactions.
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PMID:[Features of psychopathologic disorders in schizophrenia complicated by psychogenic reactions]. 52 23

The Draft of "ICD-10, Chapter V, Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines" was tested in a multicenter field trial in Japan. We have previously reported good results in suitability, confidence and ease of diagnosis, and adequacy of descriptions of the Draft. In this paper, the interdiagnostician reliability of the Draft is reported. Among the two-character categories, "Schizophrenia, Schizotypal States and Delusional Disorders (F2)" (ICC = .80) and "Mood Disorders (F3)" (ICC = .80) proved reliable. "Neurotic, Stress-Related, and Somatoform Disorders (F4)" was less reliable (ICC = .65). The ICCs of the 17 major categories (three-character code) and the 21 subcategories (four-character code) were also calculated. The finding that in Japan subtyping schizophrenia with ICD-10 was more reliable than that made using DSM-III Diagnostic Criteria supports the need to use a descriptive version of ICD-10 as the basis for several versions serving different purposes. The nature of disagreements with unreliable categories was also investigated. The results are discussed with special reference to the changes in the final Draft of Chapter V, which contained a feedback of the results from field trials from all over the world.
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PMID:Collaborative multicenter field trial of the Draft of ICD-10 in Japan--interdiagnostician reliability and disagreement: a report from the WHO project on "field trials of ICD-10, Chapter V". 163 21

When we examine the cultural characteristics that influence mental disorders and related behavior among the Chinese, no major differences are found between Chinese and other groups in the range of disorders or in overall prevalence. Several cultural factors influence the recognition and treatment of mental illness, among which are attitudes toward emotional display, somatic as opposed to psychogenic disorders and features of the traditional medical belief system in Chinese culture. The Chinese have a relatively favorable prognosis of schizophrenia, low rates of depressive illness, a strong tendency towards somatization and the presence of several unique culture-bound syndromes. From studying Chinese in Vancouver, it was found that they have a characteristic way of dealing with mental illness in the family, in that there is first a protracted period of intrafamilial coping with serious psychiatric illness, followed by recourse to friends, elders and neighbors in the community; third, consultation with traditional specialists, religious healers or general physicians; fourth, outpatient or inpatient treatment from specialists, and, finally, a process of rejection and scapegoating of the patient. The efficacy of Western psychiatric treatment of Chinese patients has yet to be objectively assessed.
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PMID:Psychiatry and Chinese culture. 636 76

Reactive delirious psychoses in 38 patients with slow-progressive schizophrenia (SPS) were studied. Three clinical variants of SPS were singled out while studying the course and psychopathological features of endogenic process with delirious reactions. Delirious reactions are known to form only in those patients with SPS whose endogenic process had favoured their manifestation in the presence of additional psychogenic factors. Personality traits connected with endogenic process (psychopathlike manifestations with hypoparanoic features, higher affective reactivity acquired) as well as readiness to acute delirium conditioned by endogenic process itself underlie the delirium appearance. The type, development, and outcome of psychogenic disorders are predetermined by schizophrenic process itself.
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PMID:[Problem of reactive delusion formation in slowly progressive schizophrenia]. 682 57

Whether the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA) could detect specific psychopathological disorders was investigated in 652 subjects with different levels of mental retardation living in the community or in residential facilities. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out to check the scale organization of PIMRA. The Anxiety, Adjustment Disorder, Somatoform Disorder, and Soundness Scales were confirmed by 4 corresponding factors; the Psychosexual Disorder Scale was replaced by a factor specific to gender identity problems, and the Schizophrenia Scale by two factors concerning isolation and bizarre behaviors, respectively. The items of the Depression Scale were distributed over the three factors concerning anxiety, adjustment, and psychosomatic disorders, while the items of the Personality Disorder Scale were scattered over almost all the factors. Moreover, 55 subjects with anxiety disorders and 49 with depression were compared to 50 control subjects of the same age, intelligence level, and gender ratio but without dual diagnosis and obtained significantly higher factorial scores both on the overall scale and on the factors specifically related to their disorders. PIMRA has been found to show good construct validity. These results could be considered particularly valid as they were obtained from a large sample comprising different levels of mental retardation and thus showing all possible psychopathological behaviors.
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PMID:The psychopathology inventory for mentally retarded adults: factor structure and comparisons between subjects with or without dual diagnosis. 1098 85

The present article outlines the different conception of catatonia from its initial description by Kahlbaum to current viewpoints. Originally considered to be an independent disease entity characterized by mental and motor abnormalities, catatonia was later viewed as a subtype of schizophrenia as it is the case in current classifications like ICD-10 and DSM-IV. Since catatonic symptoms were observable not only in schizophrenic psychoses, but also in affective, somatic or even psychogenic disorders, many researchers today consider catatonia as a nosologically unspecific syndrome. In the end, the traditional conceptions did not succeed in defining catatonia as a clinically homogeneous and valid diagnosis. An independent conception was elaborated by the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school of psychiatry. Based on a precise differentiation of psychomotor disturbances, two essentially different forms of catatonic psychoses have been separated, systematic and periodic catatonias which differ in symptomatology, prognosis and treatment.
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PMID:The different conceptions of catatonia: historical overview and critical discussion. 1177 70

Epileptic syndrome, antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy and mental disorder were studied in 223 patients with intractable epilepsy, who were admitted to our epilepsy center between 1992 and 2000. Symptomatic localization-related epilepsy was diagnosed in 86.1% of patients, symptomatic or cryptogenic generalized epilepsy in 7.6%, idiopathic generalized epilepsy in 1.8%, unclassifiable epilepsy in 3.1% and non-epilepsy in 1.3% on discharge. Only 6.3% had diagnoses on discharge that were incongruent with their diagnoses on admission. AED therapy during admission improved markedly in 50% of patients and moderately in 20%, however, 60% had seizures more frequently than 4 a month on discharge. Generalized tonic and clonic seizures were suppressed completely in 82.5% of patients. The number of AEDs used were 2 AEDs in 28.6%, 3 in 39.1% and 4 in 22.3%. Only 6.4% of patients were on monotherapy on discharge. Mental retardation was in 58.7%, schizophrenia-like psychosis in 8.5%, delusional disorder in 1.8%, mood disorder in 3.6%, AED-related disorder in 14.3% and psychogenic disorders in 21.5%. AED therapy is effective for intractable seizures, but it is limited in its effect. Mental disorders also coexisted in most of patients. Therefore comprehensive therapy of epilepsy is necessary for patients with intractable seizures.
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PMID:[Antiepileptic drug therapy for adult patients with intractable seizures]. 1223 4

Affective disorders in schizophrenia overlap with positive symptoms and are co-morbid with negative changes. At schizophrenia onset, depression may emerge in the form of psychogenic disorders (posttraumatic stress disorder, juvenile asthenic failure, etc.). Depression, developing during the disease, determines clinical picture of attacks provoked psychogenically (hysterical depression, anxious depression)--reactive schizophrenia. In post-attack stages of schizophrenia, two types may be singled out--post-psychotic depression and post-schizophrenic one. The post-psychotic depressions us includes neuroleptic depression with features of anesthetic melancholia, persevering depression, akinetic depression, neuroleptic dysphoria. Its induced by antipsychotics and combine with extrapyramidal disorders.
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PMID:[Depression and schizophrenia]. 1280 May 45