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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

New studies of the boundaries of schizophrenia suggest that schizotypal personality disorder is biologically and genetically related to schizophrenia with alterations in brain structure/function related to deficit-like symptoms and increased dopaminergic function to psychotic-like symptoms.
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PMID:Biologic factors in schizotypal personal disorders. 787 43

In order to test the hypothesis that a poor performance in the Wisconsin test (WCST) may be an indicator of liability to schizophrenia, we compared the WCST performances of patients with DSM III-R schizophrenia, normal controls, and patients with schizotypal personality disorder (SZT PD). While schizophrenic patients performed significantly worse than subjects in the other two groups, schizotypal and normal subjects showed no significant differences in the WCST execution. Moreover, patients with SZT PD with or without positive family history for the schizophrenic spectrum had similar WCST performances. Our observations are in keeping with other studies employing the WCST in paradigms of heightened liability to schizophrenia, and suggest that a poor performance in the test is more probably a feature of the disease process, than a trait marker of vulnerability to the illness demonstrable in high-risk subjects.
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PMID:An assessment of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as an indicator of liability to schizophrenia. 789 20

A taxometric analysis (R. R. Golden & P. E. Meehl, 1979) was conducted to test the hypotheses that liability for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders is dichotomously distributed and that this liability can be detected premorbidly with behavioral indicators analogous to many of the criteria for schizotypal personality disorder. Behaviors were assessed in 207 offspring of schizophrenic mothers and 104 matched offspring of normal parents in 1962, when participants' mean age was 15 years. Diagnoses on the basis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) were made in 1986-1989, when participants were nearly through the risk period for developing schizophrenia. The aggregation of indicators was consistent with a bimodal latent liability distribution. Membership in the schizotypal class was a sensitive and specific predictor of the emergence of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in adulthood.
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PMID:The latent structure of schizotypy: I. Premorbid indicators of a taxon of individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. 789 41

A structural abnormality of chromosome 4 [inv 4 (p15.2; q21.3)] is reported in a male presenting with DSM-III-R schizophrenia, undifferentiated type (295.94) and in his mother, who displayed symptoms associated with schizotypal personality disorder (DSM-III-R 301.22). The proband had a performance IQ of 91, poor motor coordination, stature in the lowest quartile and an impaired sense of time. There were no diagnostic physical or neurological abnormalities. Mild ventricular enlargement and prominent sulci were found on computed tomography. Both he and his chromosomally normal father had strabismus which required surgical correction. This case joins the long list of chromosomal abnormalities previously reported to confer an increased risk of mental illness and emphasizes the importance of a sophisticated differential diagnosis in evaluating patients who present with symptoms of schizophrenia. The implications for recent initiatives which attempt to localize genes conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses are discussed.
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PMID:A contribution to the differential diagnosis of the "group of schizophrenias": structural abnormality of chromosome 4. 791 48

The auditory P300 response and smooth pursuit eye tracking were recorded from a group of 23 male adult subjects who had been diagnosed in childhood as having schizoid personality. No differences were found in these physiological measures between the study group, their matched controls of other child psychiatric patients, and a group of population controls. The essentially negative findings are discussed in the light of abnormalities of these psychophysiological responses previously found in schizophrenic patients, in some of their biological relatives, and in other groups of psychiatric patients, including autistic children and adults with a diagnosis of borderline and schizotypal personality disorder. Results suggest that "schizoid" children, despite their high scores on a measure of schizotypy, do not have schizophrenia spectrum disorder or that schizotypy is a heterogeneous condition.
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PMID:"Schizoid" personality in childhood: auditory P300 and eye tracking responses at follow-up in adult life. 796 32

In light of current linkage studies in schizophrenia, research on the "schizophrenia spectrum" deserves increased attention for an exact determination of the affected phenotype: Those disorders that have a much higher prevalence among biological relatives of schizophrenia patients are supposed to share common etiological factors with "core" schizophrenia. However, there is controversy over which of the DSM-III-R personality disorders should be included in the spectrum. In a controlled family study of inpatients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 101), schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorders (n = 69), and unipolar major depression (n = 160), familial rates of personality disorders were assessed through personal interviews and compared with prevalence rates in 109 control families from the community. As predicted, schizotypal personality disorder occurred more frequently in the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia probands (2.1%) than in the families of unscreened controls (0.3%). Paranoid personality disorder was more frequent in relatives of probands with unipolar depression (2.9%) than in relatives of schizophrenia patients (1.7%), and controls revealed the lowest rate (0.9%). Schizoid personality disorder, however, was extremely rare in all sample groups (between 0.3% and 0.7%), providing no sufficient statistical power for detection of group differences. Further analysis of the DSM-III-R criterion symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder demonstrated that items describing "negative" symptomatology are the main source of familial aggregation, but "psychotic-like" personality features are also contributing factors.
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PMID:Personality disorders among the relatives of schizophrenia patients. 797 65

We tested 54 nonpsychotic first degree relatives of 23 schizophrenic probands and 18 control subjects matched for age and education on several neuropsychological tests. The tests were selected to assess overall intellectual ability or because previous work indicated that they are particularly sensitive measures of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenic patients. The relatives of schizophrenic patients performed significantly worse than the control subjects on tests of verbal fluency and on Trailmaking, part B. Each of these tests contributed unique variance to the discrimination between groups. The groups did not differ significantly on the number of perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised block design or vocabulary, or Trailmaking, part A. Eight relatives who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizotypal personality disorder were more impaired than the remaining 46 relatives on letter fluency, but otherwise their performance was similar to that of nonschizotypal relatives. These data suggest that close relatives of schizophrenic patients may have subtle neuropsychological impairments that are not necessarily associated with clinical symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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PMID:Performance of nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients on cognitive tests. 799 26

The published and some unpublished studies of the genetic of borderline conditions are reviewed. It appears that the DSM-III-R borderline personality disorder is not genetically transmitted. The evidence for the genetic transmission of schizotypal personality disorder also appears weak. An examination of the 2 personality disorders reveals multidimensionality and heterogeneity. The borderline personality disorder seems to consist of 2 syndromes, an impulsive borderline and an empty borderline syndrome. The schizotypal personality disorder consists of 3 syndromes, one affect-constricted/eccentric, one pseudo-psychotic and one paranoiac isolated syndrome. The impulsive borderline, the affect-constricted/eccentric and the pseudo-psychotic syndromes seem slightly genetically influenced. The affect-constricted/eccentric syndrome appears to be genetically related to schizophrenia. No other Axis I disorders are related to borderline conditions.
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PMID:Genetics in borderline conditions. 801 Jan 47

A familial relationship between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder is widely acknowledged; the familial relationship between schizophrenia and the broad continuum of schizoid personality variation is less clear. In a comprehensive family study healthy relatives of schizophrenics were compared by self rated personality features with relatives of unipolar depressed patients and with relatives of controls. The dimension of schizoidia was not able to distinguish the groups of relatives. However, relatives of schizophrenics (in particular male relatives) scored higher on 'normalized' personality dimensions such as 'rigidity' and 'neuroticism'. Healthy relatives of probands with unipolar depression revealed a similar deviant pattern.
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PMID:Personality variations in healthy relatives of schizophrenics. 801 88

Evidence from a variety of domains including the phenomenologic, genetic, psychological, neuropsychological, psychophysiologic, neurochemical, imaging, outcome, and treatment response suggests that schizotypal personality disorder is related closely to chronic schizophrenia and that this disorder may be part of a continuum of schizophrenia-related disorders. Questions remain as to how the boundaries of schizophrenia should be defined. The commonalities across the schizophrenia spectrum as well as the differences between disorders on the spectrum need to be clarified further. A multidimensional approach to the pathogenesis of the schizophrenia-related disorders offers a beginning opportunity for such a clarification. The study of patients with schizotypal personality disorder suggest that a dimension of deficit-like or "negative" symptoms of asociality and interpersonal impairment may be associated with neuropsychological and psychophysiologic correlates of altered cortical, particularly frontal, function and raise the possibility in structural changes as reflected in increased ventricular size in frontal and third ventricle areas. On the other hand, the psychotic-like or "positive" symptoms seem to be more related to increases in dopaminergic activity that may be partially responsive to neuroleptic treatment. It is conceivable that these two dimensions may represent partially distinct but potentially interactive pathophysiologic processes that may converge and interact to result in chronic schizophrenia. In this way, the study of the boundaries of schizophrenia and the milder schizophrenia-related personality disorders may provide important clues as to the genetic and pathophysiology of chronic schizophrenia itself, as well as to illuminate a set of disorders that are clinically underrecognized but probably more prevalent than more severe forms of schizophrenia.
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PMID:The boundaries of schizophrenia. 833 62


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