Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

DSM-III diagnoses were applied to 26 monozygotic (MZ) and 34 dizygotic (DZ) probands and their co-twins from the Maudsley Hospital (1948 to 1965) schizophrenic series of Gottesman and Shields. DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia were found to be highly reliable and valid, and to have a broad heritability of 0.85, which is comparable with the Research Diagnostic Criteria and Feighner criteria from which they were derived. When the full range of DSM-III diagnoses were considered, both affective disorder and schizophrenia were found in genetically identical individuals. The effect of DSM-III nosology on the twin series was also explored by adding other diagnoses to that of schizophrenia and observing the effect on the MZ/DZ concordance ratio. The addition of affective disorder with mood-incongruent delusions to the schizophrenia spectrum produced the largest increase in the ratio and, by implication, a "more genetic" combination than schizophrenia alone. The maximum MZ/DZ concordance ratio (7.68) was produced by schizophrenia, plus affective disorder with mood-incongruent delusions, plus schizotypal personality disorder, plus atypical psychosis. The effect of adding paranoid disorder (paranoia) and all other affective categories was a reduction in the ratio.
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PMID:Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia. Scrutinizing the validity of the definition. 360 29

Family data from 84 chronic schizophrenic, 11 schizotypal and 90 normal control probands were analyzed by multivariate-multifactorial genetic models using morbid risk statistics. The results were consistent with multifactorial inheritance whereby chronic schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder represent different phenotypic manifestations of the same underlying process; that is, the two disorders were found to have different thresholds on a single continuum of genetic-environmental liability. When subclassified according to Taylor and Abrams' criteria, chronic schizophrenic subjects who met these criteria (narrow schizophrenia) had a higher threshold of liability than those who did not (broad schizophrenia). The hypothesis of separate liabilities for the different disease states was rejected. Overall, the results suggest a gradation in multifactorial liability from schizotypal personality disorder (mild) to broad schizophrenia (moderate) to narrow schizophrenia (severe).
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PMID:The spectrum concept of schizophrenia: evidence for a genetic-environmental continuum. 368 61

The development of and the results from a prospective longitudinal study of children of schizophrenic mothers are presented. The presented studies have been guided by a diathesis-stress model of psychopathology and data analyses relied on the paradigm that schizophrenics and schizotypes share genetic liability to schizophrenia, but that the former, in addition, suffer from environmental insult. This paradigm, hypothetically formulated by Paul Meehl (21) proved especially fruitful in the etiological inferences made in this study. The results indicate that schizophrenia is, to some degree, genetically transmitted and that schizotypes share this genetic vulnerability with schizophrenics. Schizophrenia may be conceptualized as an environmentally complicated schizotypal personality disorder. Deleterious environmental influences identified in this study are obstetric complications probably resulting in central brain atrophy as measured by the CT-scans. In addition, future schizophrenics experienced disrupted childhood conditions as measured here by the amount of institutional rearing during the first five years of life. Fathers of the high risk children were more frequently mentally disturbed than fathers of the low risk children. The presence of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder in the father significantly increased a risk for such disorder in the high risk offspring. Continuity of psychopathological deviance in the form of subtle formal thought disorder and defective emotional contact was demonstrated for the schizophrenics and schizotypes from childhood into adulthood. This suggests that such symptoms are central to schizophrenic psychopathology and that schizophrenia is a development and not a disease which affects people without forewarning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Risk factors in the development of schizophrenia: contributions from a study of children of schizophrenic mothers. 372 Mar 63

Blood samples were obtained from 18 twin pairs, and the major prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plasma metabolite 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2 was measured by RIA after its conversion to 11-deoxy-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-11 beta,16 xi-cyclo-PGE2. Significant positive correlations were found in all the twin pairs, in 11 pairs diagnosed as DSM-III schizophrenic disorder and schizoid/schizotypal personality disorder, and in the 5 nonschizophrenic pairs. These results indicate that synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) is in part genetically determined. With regard to absolute PGE2 metabolite levels, the data did not support the hypothesis of increased PGE2 in schizophrenia. Thus, seven of eight schizophrenic probands had lower metabolite concentrations than their healthy twin siblings, and in one pair they were similar. Furthermore, schizophrenic probands and their healthy sibling controls, taken as a group, had lower PGE2 metabolite levels than the group comprised of affective disorder probands and their respective controls. These findings raise the possibility that a change in PGE2 may be associated with schizophrenic and also possibly with affective disorders.
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PMID:Plasma prostaglandin E2 metabolite--measured as 11-deoxy-15-keto-13,14-dihydro-11 beta,16 xi-cyclo-PGE2--in twins with schizophrenic disorder. 374 18

The goal of this article is to provide a historical perspective on the DSM-III concept of schizotypal personality disorder. It is argued that two major traditions have influenced our conceptualization of this diagnostic entity. The first or familial approach emphasizes the characteristic traits found in the deviant but nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenics. The second or clinical approach focuses on patients who appear to demonstrate the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia without psychotic symptoms or severe personality deterioration. A review of these two traditions concludes that while similar in some regards, they also differ in important ways in their views on the characteristics of the true "schizotype." The impact of these two traditions is then traced through the Danish Adoption Studies of Kety et al. to the development of the DSM-III criteria for schizotypal personality by Spitzer, Endicott, and Gibbon. Finally, the article reviews recent studies on the validity of specific criteria for schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and reassesses the conceptual issue about the nature of the relationship of SPD to schizophrenia on the one hand and to other personality disorders on the other.
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PMID:Diagnostic approaches to schizotypal personality disorder: a historical perspective. 390 77

The adoptive, family, and twin studies show that schizotypal personality features are found among the relatives of schizophrenics. However, it has not been shown that there is a higher risk of schizophrenia among the relatives of schizotypals. An explanation may be that the current DSM-III criteria of schizotypal personality disorder do not adequately define schizotypals genetically related to schizophrenia. While some of the cases that meet DSM-III criteria are within the schizophrenia spectrum, others are unrelated to schizophrenia. There is reason to believe that schizotypals characterized by distant relationship to others, suspiciousness, eccentricity, peculiar communication, and dysfunctional school and work performance are within the schizophrenic sphere, while individuals with psychotic-like symptoms phenomenologically similar to schizophrenia and diagnosed as schizotypal personality disorders in DSM-III represent decompensation of other personality disorders.
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PMID:Relationship of schizotypal personality disorder to schizophrenia: genetics. 390 78

This study reports the first long-term follow-up of patients with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) as defined by DSM-III. Patients with the pure syndrome (SPD, n = 10) were compared with patients with schizophrenia (S, n = 53) and borderline personality disorder (BPD, n = 81). Three "mixed" cohorts (S/SPD, n = 61; S/SPD/BPD, n = 30; SPD/BPD, n = 18) were added to investigate the effect of schizotypal disorder on the longitudinal course of comparison groups. Schizotypal personality disorder proved to be common in the Chestnut Lodge follow-up study patients, although it was rare as a pure syndrome. From the perspective of follow-up, SPD appeared related to S but not to BPD. The mixed axis II borderline syndrome (SPD/BPD) had a long-term profile closer to BPD than to SPD, and adding SPD to S appeared (unexpectedly) to enhance outcome.
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PMID:Schizotypal personality disorder. Chestnut Lodge follow-up study: VI. Long-term follow-up perspectives. 395 56

Morbidity risks for mental illness were determined in 750 first-degree relatives of chronic schizophrenic and normal control probands. Psychiatric disorders that were more frequent in relatives of schizophrenic probands than in relatives of normal control probands were chronic schizophrenia (5.8% versus 0.6%), schizotypal personality disorder (definite, 14.6% versus 2.1%; probable, 12.1% versus 6.5%), and paranoid personality disorder (7.3% versus 2.3%). The data suggest that schizotypal and paranoid personality disorders are genetically related to schizophrenia. The implications for schizophrenia research are discussed.
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PMID:A family study of schizophrenic and normal control probands: implications for the spectrum concept of schizophrenia. 397 17

Whole blood serotonin and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in boys with schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, or major depressive disorder was compared with that of boys serving as controls. Boys with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder had significantly higher platelet MAO than boys with major depressive disorder or controls. Boys with major depressive disorder had lower whole blood serotonin than boys with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder.
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PMID:Comparison of whole blood serotonin and platelet MAO in children with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. 397 62

Increased critical stimulus duration among nonpsychotic subjects with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2-7-8 profiles in the Merritt and Balogh letter-discrimination procedure is consistent with the view that this abnormality might be a vulnerability indicator for a poor prognosis, chronic type of schizophrenia. However, the procedure that Merritt and Balogh used to measure critical stimulus duration is likely to involve higher load on processing capacity than the procedure used by Braff and Saccuzzo with patients who showed schizotypal personality disorder. Thus, consistent with our hypothesis, the Merritt and Balogh procedure appears more likely to detect a deficit among persons at risk for schizophrenia than procedures that involve little or no demand on processing capacity.
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PMID:Increased critical stimulus duration: vulnerability or episode indicator? 403


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