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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Standardized structured interview personality scales are now available that provide better reliability than clinician interview, but are still imperfect. These scales diagnose DSM III-R personality disorders, which are more illness-oriented than Freudian notions. Use of these scales has found that the majority of patients with OCD have at least one Axis II personality disorder, with most falling in cluster C. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder, as described in DSM-III-R, is, in most samples studied, present in the minority of patients with OCD, and is often less common than other personality disorders such as mixed, dependent, avoidant, and histrionic. The prevalence of this personality disorder as modified in DSM-III-R (making it easier for a patient to qualify for this personality disorder diagnosis) appears to be higher, although still present in a minority of patients with OCD. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (along with the other cluster B and C personality disorders) has not been reported to have a consistent relation to treatment outcome. There is evidence that in some cases, obsessive compulsive personality disorder may be secondary to OCD. Swedo et al hypothesized that some children may develop compulsive personality traits as an adaptive mechanism to deal with OCD. This hypothesis is in accord with our finding that OCD often predates compulsive personality disorder and that mixed personality disorder may develop over time, possibly secondary to OCD. We found in our sample of 96 adult patients with OCD that the presence of mixed personality disorder was more likely with longer duration of OCD, suggesting that patients who do not have premorbid personality disorders may develop significant personality traits (especially avoidant, compulsive, and dependent), which may be related to behavioral and life-style changes that are secondary to OCD. This hypothesis is strengthened by our finding that patients with one of these personality disorders at baseline tended to no longer meet criteria for them following successful treatment of their OCD. It now appears that schizotypal personality disorder, which is thought to be related genetically to schizophrenia (e.g., in three male identical twin pairs concordant for OCD but discordant for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, the nonpsychotic co-twins all had schizotypal personality disorder), is the only consistent personality disorder predictor of poorer outcome in OCD. These traits may help explain other proposed poor predictors of treatment outcome such as overvalued beliefs, poor compliance, and chaotic family situations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Personality disorders in obsessive compulsive disorder. 146 97

Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders may reflect the genotype for schizophrenia. One such disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD), was examined as a function of family history of schizophrenia. Clinical profiles and neurocognitive functioning were evaluated in 25 schizotypal subjects (10 SPD with schizophrenic relatives and 15 SPD without schizophrenic relatives), and in 24 normal controls. The primary finding is that vigilance performance was similarly impaired in both SPD groups. An additional neurocognitive impairment, comprehension of grammatical constructions, was observed only in the SPD group with schizophrenic relatives. Of interest, the clinical profiles of the two SPD groups did not differ significantly. These results suggest that schizotypal personality disorder is associated with a continuum of neurocognitive vulnerability that increases as a function of family history of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Schizotypal personality disorder in individuals with and without schizophrenic relatives: similarities and contrasts in neurocognitive and clinical functioning. 159 Nov 95

In a controlled follow-up study into adulthood of 32 children diagnosed 'schizoid', three-quarters fulfilled DSM-III criteria for schizotypal personality disorder and two developed schizophrenia. Overall their psychosocial adjustment was somewhat, but not markedly, worse than that of other attenders at a child psychiatry clinic, although as a group they remained more solitary, lacking in empathy, oversensitive, with odd styles of communicating, and often with circumscribed interests.
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PMID:'Schizoid' personality in childhood and adult life. II: Adult adjustment and the continuity with schizotypal personality disorder. 175 37

A total 215 first-degree relatives of 88 twin probands with schizophrenia, mood disorders and nonaffective psychoses were studied. The twins' parents and siblings were personally interviewed with structured diagnostic instruments and diagnosed in accordance with DSM-III-R criteria. The first-degree relatives were interviewed by interviewers who were blind to the twins' diagnoses. Schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder were significantly more frequent in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic twins. Respectively, anxiety and mood disorders were significantly more prevalent among the parents and siblings of probands with mood disorders. Schizophrenic spectrum disorders were significantly more common in the families of schizophrenic probands compared with relatives of mood disorder probands, thus confirming a relationship between schizophrenia and schizophrenic spectrum disorders. However, we cannot, based on our study, specify whether this relationship is caused by genetic or environmental factors.
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PMID:Mental disorders in first-degree relatives of schizophrenics. 188

Schizophrenic probands (n = 17), their first-degree relatives (n = 61), and medically and psychiatrically screened normal control subjects (n = 18) were studied with structured interviews for DSM-III Axis I disorders and schizotypal personality disorder, questionnaire measures of schizotypy, measures of smooth-pursuit eye movement dysfunction, and attention dysfunction. Schizophrenic subjects scored abnormally on essentially all measures. Relatives differed significantly from control subjects on most measures. Correlational analyses indicate that many characteristics tested in these measures run together in families. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a single vulnerability dimension or typology, presumably in part genetically transmitted, may account for phenotypically distinct abnormalities. These traits, taken together, may have joint usefulness for identifying persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.
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PMID:Familial prevalence and coaggregation of schizotypy indicators: a multitrait family study. 204 Jul 61

Three monozygotic twin pairs are described who are concordant for DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder while being discordant for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Follow-up interview showed the non-psychotic co-twins to have schizotypal personality disorder. It is concluded that obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can truly co-exist, thus supporting diagnostic changes introduced into DSM-III-R, and may in some cases be inherited together.
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PMID:Obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia in three identical twin pairs. 204 89

Cranial breadth and length on DSM-III schizophrenic probands (n = 16) and their nonpsychotic siblings (n = 34) were measured using standard anthropometric calipers. Siblings were divided into those with and those without DSM-III schizotypal personality disorder based on Baron et al.'s Schedule for Schizotypal Personalities interview (1981). These siblings provide controls for prenatal and childhood nutritional status, which could affect head size, and for genetic contributors to head size. Contrary to previous reports (Andreasen et al. 1986; and Pearlson et al. 1989), in the present sample schizophrenic patients did not have smaller heads. The relationship between height and head size for schizophrenic subjects, schizotypal siblings, and nonschizotypal siblings was also examined. As in Andreasen et al. (1986), the regression slope of head size on height was lower in schizophrenic patients than in their siblings, but here this difference was not significant. The data do not support a conjectured relationship between small or dysmorphic head size and schizophrenia or schizotypy.
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PMID:Head size in relation to schizophrenia and schizotypy. 204 85

This selected review considers children classified as "borderline" and focuses on two broad categories: Borderline personality disorder/borderline spectrum and schizotypal personality disorder/autism/schizophrenia spectrum classifications. Clinical descriptions, biological correlated, delimitation from other disorders, outcome, family studies, hypothesized etiologies, therapeutic considerations, and response to treatment are presented for each. Data support the subclassification of the heterogeneous groupings of borderline children into at least the two categories, and their differentiation from each other and from other clinical disorders in the population. Overlap across the borderline categories exists for individual children. The nature and shortcomings of relevant studies are described, the need for scientifically based research championed, and a differential approach to directive treatment of borderline children advocated. Further subclassification of borderline disorders should result in more cost-effective diagnosis and treatment.
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PMID:Borderline disorders of childhood: an overview. 218 68

Eye tracking accuracy, which has been found to be impaired in schizophrenic patients and their relatives, was assessed in 26 patients with schizotypal personality disorder, 17 control subjects with other non-schizophrenia-related personality disorders, 29 normal control subjects, and 44 schizophrenic patients. Both schizotypal and schizophrenic patients, but not control subjects with other personality disorders, demonstrated significantly more impaired tracking than the normal control subjects. These results suggest that patients with clinically defined schizotypal personality disorder may be biologically related to schizophrenic patients as part of a spectrum of schizophrenia-related disorders.
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PMID:Eye tracking impairment in clinically identified patients with schizotypal personality disorder. 189 91

This article presents a new interview-based research instrument for assessing schizotypal symptoms and signs. The Structured Interview for Schizotypy (SIS), which was developed from experience gained in a large, controlled family study of schizophrenia in the west of Ireland and has been field-tested in three other locations, differs from previously available interviews in that it includes: (1) built-in contextual assessments of the pathological nature of certain symptoms (e.g., suspiciousness or ideas of reference); (2) multiple independently scored items, most with closed response options, per symptom scale; (3) extensive assessment of schizotypal signs; (4) symptom probes designed to make responding positively appear nondeviant; and (5) coverage of potentially relevant symptoms and signs not required in current criteria for schizotypal personality disorder. Schizotypal symptoms can be assessed with high reliability by the SIS. When sufficient variability is present, schizotypal signs are also reliably assessed by the SIS, although the reliability is generally lower than that found for symptoms. In three independent pilot studies, schizotypal symptoms and signs assessed by the SIS appear to discriminate significantly the relatives of schizophrenic patients from relatives of controls.
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PMID:The Structured Interview for Schizotypy (SIS): a preliminary report. 262 38


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