Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A case of multiple sclerosis was diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia 10 years earlier. The schizophrenic disorder, severe and almost nonremittent for 10 years, failed to respond to adequate drug therapy. The computerized axial tomography scan revealed moderate atrophy of the anterior cerebellar vermis, a finding of interest in view of studies which have implicated anterior vermis pathology in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis. 685 97

In a series covering 1177 right-handed and 93 left-handed schizophrenic individuals, the author elicited the age of the patients at the onset of disease and correlated different forms of the disease course. Among the right-handed patients, the disorder was more likely to become manifest at the age of 35 to 44 years and the incidence of the shift-like form was elevated. The left-handed subjects showed an earlier onset of disease (20-24 years) and the prevalence of progressive paranoid schizophrenia. In the author's opinion, the cerebral functional asymmetry related to the type of one's handedness exerts a modifying influence on the course of schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical manifestations of schizophrenia in right and left-handed patients]. 688 May 2

Studies on HLA antigens in schizophrenia have produced conflicting results, but there has been greater agreement when clinical subtypes of the disorder have been separated. In view of this, we reassessed 68 previously studied patients with hospital diagnoses of schizophrenia and, while blind to their HLA types, used operational criteria to define clinical subtypes. We compared and combined the results with those from all available similar studies. Those of our patients who fulfilled operational criteria for paranoid schizophrenia showed a nonsignificant increase in HLA A9 as compared with controls. The magnitude of the increase was similar to that from all previous reports, and when data from all sources were combined, the evidence for an association between HLA A9 and paranoid schizophrenia was consistent and highly significant. Patients who were diagnosed as suffering from hebephrenic schizophrenia showed significant increases in HLA A1 and B8 compared with controls. An association between hebephrenia and A1, but not B8, remained on combining the results with those of other studies.
 ...
PMID:HLA antigens and subtypes of schizophrenia. 694 6

Clinico-anthropometric investigation of 300 patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia has been carried out. The results of a correlation analysis of anthropometric characteristics and of an analysis of manifestation age of schizophrenia showed that the closest connection of the traits studied exists in the group of females with the attack-like paranoid schizophrenia. The data are interpreted as the confirmation of the X-chromosome effect in schizophrenia and of interaction between the locus system of schizophrenia and the morphotype system.
 ...
PMID:[Anthropometric characteristics of paranoid schizophrenics as a conjectured marker of the age of manifestation of the process]. 695 22

More than a decade of scientific inquiry into the biochemistry of schizophrenia has been organized by the dopamine hypothesis. The evidence that neuroleptics reduce brain dopamine activity is compelling and derives from both human and animal studies. In addition, agents which enhance brain dopamine activity, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can cause a syndrome that can be indistinguishable from acute paranoid schizophrenia. However, a major problem with the dopamine hypothesis is the lack of strong direct evidence of altered dopamine concentrations or metabolism when measured in large groups of schizophrenic subjects. The idea that schizophrenia is more than one illness is an old concept, but it finds increasing support in new studies of the clinical phenomenology, genetics, and biochemistry of schizophrenic patients. The revival of the concept of multiple forms of schizophrenia, in turn, has fostered the development of new biochemical hypotheses of the disorder. These hypotheses propose that neurotransmitters, other than dopamine, may be involved in schizophrenic symptoms. Reports of elevated concentrations of norepinephrine is specific areas of the brain and in the spinal fluid have led to the hypothesis that norepinephrine may be involved in schizophrenia. At least two groups of investigators have suggested that phenylethylamine might be involved in schizophrenia. In part, this proposal is based on the structural and pharmacological similarities of phenylethylamine and amphetamine. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter. Evidence for the inhibitory influence of GABA-ergic neurons on dopaminergic neurons has led to the hypothesis that decreased GABA-ergic activity may be involved in producing schizophrenic symptoms. Studies with the reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine and the dopamine agonist methylphenidate have led to the suggestion that acetylcholine and dopamine imbalance may be involved in schizophrenia. This hypothesis is one example of the idea that altered balance between several neurotransmitters may underlie schizophrenia. The recent discovery of the endorphins has led to speculations about the possible role of these substances in schizophrenia. Both an excess and a deficiency of endorphin activity have been implicated in schizophrenia, and speculative evidence has been used to support both hypotheses. The ultimate aim of the search for biochemical defects in schizophrenia is the development of rational drug treatments which will correct these defects and in doing so, these drugs will provide effective treatments for patients with schizophrenic symptoms.
 ...
PMID:Biochemistry and the schizophrenia. Old concepts and new hypothesis. 700 86

The history of nosologic approaches to paranoid schizophrenia and the other paranoid psychoses is traced from the time of Kraepelin. Kraepelin, emphasizing the course of illness, proposed a narrow definition for paranoid dementia praecox (paranoid schizophrenia). He created the entity of paraphrenia for cases with symptoms similar to those in paranoid dementia praecox but without a deteriorating course. Bleuler, emphasizing underlying psychological mechanisms, broadened the concept of paranoid schizophrenia to include nearly all delusional functional psychotic states. After Bleuler, the controversy continued as to whether the paranoid psychoses belonged within or separate from the schizophrenic disorders. Emerging from these historical controversies, current nosologic approaches to paranoid schizophrenia and paranoid psychosis differ substantially. Approaches to paranoid schizophrenia range from broad global criteria, which include patients with thought disorder and affective deterioration (e.g., ICD-9), to narrow criteria such as those proposed by Tsuang and Winokur (1974), which specifically exclude such patients. While some criteria for paranoid psychosis exclude patients with hallucinations or other than persecutory or jealous delusions (e.g., DSM-III), other criteria include such patients.
 ...
PMID:Nosology of paranoid schizophrenia and other paranoid psychoses. 703 88

Genetic and biochemical findings in paranoid schizophrenia and other paranoid psychoses are reviewed. Although the data suggesting a lower genetic loading for schizophrenia in paranoid versus nonparanoid schizophrenia are unclear, paranoid schizophrenia does, to a limited extent, breed true within families. Monozygotic twins concordant for schizophrenia tend to be either both paranoid or both nonparanoid schizophrenics. In all studies, the risk for schizophrenia in the relatives of patients with paranoid psychosis is close to that found in the normal population. Genetic studies provide no evidence for a link between affective illness and either paranoid schizophrenia or paranoid psychosis. Although reports of low platelet monoamine oxidase activity in paranoid schizophrenia have not been confirmed, recent results suggest that brain norepinephrine levels may be higher in paranoid than in nonparanoid schizophrenics. Genetic and biochemical findings suggest some differences between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia, but definitive clarification of the relationship between these two syndromes must await future research. From a genetic perspective, paranoid psychosis appears to bear little relationship to schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:The genetics and biochemistry of paranoid schizophrenia and other paranoid psychoses. 703 92

Determination of ABO blood types was carried out in 430 (171 female and 259 male) patients with hebephrenic schizophrenia and in 340 (155 female and 185 male) patients with paranoid schizophrenia. Results were compared with a random sample of 600 individuals (268 female and 332 male) drawn from the general population. No significant association was detected between any of the ABO blood phenotypes and affliction either with hebephrenic or paranoid schizophrenia
 ...
PMID:Subtypes of schizophrenia and ABO blood types. 707 Jun 45

One thousand five hundred and seventy eight first degree relatives of schizophrenics, manics, depressives and controls were personally interviewed using the Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview Form without knowledge of the probands' diagnoses. Our data, based on blind diagnostic assessment of the relatives, support the distinction between schizophrenia and affective disorders, although the distinction between schizophrenia and mania was not clear-cut. Our data could not support familial subtyping of paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia, and unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Future studies attempting to develop research criteria for subtyping schizophrenia and effective disorders should utilize not only clinical and familial data but also biological markers and other non-familial variables.
 ...
PMID:Morbidity risks of schizophrenia and affective disorders among first degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions. 721 4

We investigated the extent psychiatric illnesses can be differentiated by means of psychopathological symptoms. The present condition of 2269 patients was analyzed; they had been admitted to the psychiatric clinic of the Free University of Berlin during 1971-1976, as documented by the AMP (PAS) documentation system. The most frequent diagnosis in the sample was schizophrenia (32%), followed by neurosis (22%), affective psychosis (14%), addiction (6.7%), and organic psychosis (6.2%). We could demonstrate that even such diagnostic groups are usually discernible by symptoms, where the differential diagnosis is often difficult. Organic psychosis vs paranoid schizophrenia and depressive neurosis vs depressive psychosis can be determined, but manic syndromes in schizoaffective psychosis vs manic syndromes in affective psychosis are hardly discernible. The potential to differentiate, however, only pertains to diagnostic groups, since many individual patients cannot accurately be classified into diagnostic groups by psychopathological symptoms alone. Only a few symptoms are pathognomonic, and if there are pathogomonic symptoms characterizing a diagnostic group, only a few patients in this group show these symptoms. These results indicate, at least for the high number of patients without severe and typical symptomatology, that we must: 1. Achieve better differentiation on the diagnostic axis "psychopathology" by means of empirically derived syndromes instead of isolated symptoms. 2. Use other diagnostic axes (like etiology and course) for differential diagnostic purposes.
 ...
PMID:[The potential of psychopathological symptoms to differentiate diagnostic groups (author's transl)]. 727 35


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>