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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is a sympathomimetic drug similar in structure to amphetamine which, in the United States, is present in over 130 medications, primarily decongestants, cough/cold remedies, and anorectic agents. We have reviewed 37 cases (published in North America and Europe since 1960) that received diagnoses of acute mania, paranoid schizophrenia, and organic psychosis and that were attributed to PPA product ingestion. Of the 27 North American case reports, more reactions followed the ingestion of combination products than preparations containing PPA alone; more occurred after ingestion of over-the-counter products than those obtained by prescription or on-the-street; and more of the cases followed ingestion of recommended doses than overdoses. Groups at particular risk appear to be those with a past or family psychiatric history, children under the age of 6 and post-partum women. Failure to recognize PPA as an etiological agent in the onset of symptoms usually led to a diagnosis of schizophrenia or mania, lengthy hospitalization, and treatment with substantial doses of neuroleptics or lithium. While generally safe at recommended doses, PPA can be hazardous to susceptible individuals and we urge physicians to be alert to the potential for PPA related psychiatric reactions. We have compiled an alphabetized table (Table 1: Prescription and Over-the-Counter Products Containing Phenylpropanolamine) allowing busy clinicians quick access to those drugs containing PPA.
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PMID:Psychiatric side effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine. 306 Aug 84

The relationship of cognitive impairment to the course of schizophrenia remains uncertain. By studying psychotic adolescents, 90% of whom were hospitalized for the first time, we hoped to reduce the influence of such confounding variables as lengthy disease process, neuroleptic treatment, and institutionalization. 39 psychotic adolescent subjects who fulfilled DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia, schizophreniform psychosis, paranoid schizophrenia, or atypical psychosis were compared to 41 non-psychotic adolescent psychiatric controls. Subjects were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, Peabody Individual Achievement tests of reading, reading comprehension, and mathematics, Bender-Gestalt, and Purdue Pegboard test within 3 weeks of admission to a psychiatric hospital. Performance IQ was significantly lower in the psychotic group (72 versus 93, P = 0.03). Thus, the IQ pattern in adolescent psychotic patients at an early stage in their illness was similar to the pattern displayed by chronic adult schizophrenic patients. Results were not consistent with theories of left hemisphere involvement in schizophrenia. Academic achievement was similar in both groups despite marked differences in performance IQ. Psychotropic medication had no significant impact on the results. In summary, deficits in processing novel material seem at the very least to be present at the onset of the psychotic disorder, though they may be non-progressive thereafter.
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PMID:Intellectual impairment in adolescent psychosis. A controlled psychometric study. 315 12

A genetic correlational analysis of two variants of slowly progressive schizophrenia (SPS) (hysterical schizophrenia--70 families, paranoid schizophrenia--40 families) and hysterical psychopathy (30 families) has demonstrated that there is a definite genetic heterogeneity between nosologically heterogeneous hysterical manifestations in SPS and constitutional psychopathy which reflects the influence of the general constitutional "axis" in systems of genetic determination of these forms. At the same time no significant genetic correlations (according to hysterical predisposition) have been found between the above forms and the paranoid variant of SPS. The results corroborate the hypothesis about a multiaxial structure of hereditary predisposition in SPS.
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PMID:[Comparative clinico-genealogical analysis of slowly progressive schizophrenia and hysterical-type psychopathy]. 336 99

Paranoid (delusional) disorders are usually thought to overlap with schizophrenic disorders, and there may be a continuum, especially with paranoid schizophrenia. There is also some recent evidence of an overlap with affective disorders. This article refers to the author's series of monodelusional disorders, emphasizing certain mood concomitants, and discussing the implications of these for delusional disorders in general.
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PMID:Delusional (paranoid) disorders: etiologic and taxonomic considerations. II. A possible relationship between delusional and affective disorders. 338 89

Many studies show a higher rate of birth of schizophrenic patients during the winter and early spring months. This is particularly prominent in studies involving northern European countries and the northern part of the United States. The interpretations for this apparent seasonality remain highly speculative. We examined the seasons of birth of 472 patients carrying the diagnosis of schizophrenia. We also studied the gender and paranoid vs nonparanoid subtypes of this subject group. The total group does not show an excess of winter births. The same is true for total male (n = 193) and total female (n = 279) schizophrenic patients. The different subtypes of female patients show a homogenous distribution by seasons of birth; but the male paranoid schizophrenia group (n = 102) shows a significant increase of births during the first quarter of the year. The findings are interpreted according to the prevailing hypotheses of schizophrenia. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Seasons of birth and subtypes of schizophrenia. 345 94

A genetic contribution to schizophrenia is the best established aetiological clue for this common and serious condition. Purely statistical attempts to establish the mode of inheritance have yielded inconclusive results although SML models where a major gene is the sole cause of concordance between relatives can be effectively excluded. The question of genetic heterogeneity is also unresolved. Genetic marker studies offer potentially productive strategies for detecting major genes for schizophrenia or schizophrenia subtypes, but also offer the possibility of detecting contributory (minor) susceptibility loci. The most consistent genetic marker finding, to date, of an association between HLA A9 and paranoid schizophrenia may fall into the latter category. This and other possible associations discovered by recent population studies (e.g. with complement factors) merit further investigation. On the other hand, the findings of linkage studies, including those with HLA, have been predominantly negative. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology, and the potential availability of many more polymorphisms, make genetic marker studies an increasingly attractive prospect in schizophrenia. However, as in other disorders with complex and non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance, there remain formidable problems in the statistical analysis of the results.
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PMID:Genetic markers in schizophrenia. 351 63

A classification of chronic psychoses including nonparanoid schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia, paranoid state and paranoia (delusional disorder) is presented. This classification is dependent on a systematic increase in number of symptoms with each group. In particular, delusional disorder is examined with regard to family history. It is clear from the data which are presented that delusional disorder is more likely to be associated with a family history of such traits as suspiciousness, jealousy, secretiveness, and the presence of paranoid behavior or delusions. There is evidence that such familial traits are not seen in schizophrenia, only in delusional disorder.
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PMID:Classification of chronic psychoses including delusional disorders and schizophrenias. 371 36

Diagnostic patterns for schizophrenia and affective psychosis were examined for all admissions to psychiatric facilities in New South Wales over a ten-year (1967-1977) period, before, during, and after lithium carbonate had been established as an accepted treatment. While the proportion of functional psychoses to total admissions remained relatively constant over the study, there was a relative decrease in schizophrenia, and a relative increase in the affective psychosis group. Analyses of sub-groups suggested, after controlling for the effects of time, that the introduction of lithium has been associated with an increase in diagnoses of mania and a decrease in diagnoses of paranoid schizophrenia, both for first admissions and for readmissions.
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PMID:Changes in the diagnoses of the functional psychoses associated with the introduction of lithium. 392 35

The authors investigated the factors relating to the observation that in a large state hospital, there is an age-related increase in the ratio of patients with a DSM-II diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia to those with a diagnosis of nonparanoid schizophrenia. Elderly inpatients (N = 1,518) treated over a 5-year period were studied and the hypotheses of proportionately greater numbers with late onset of paranoid conditions, longer lengths of stay for recently admitted paranoid patients, and changing diagnosis over time were tested and rejected. The data suggest that the buildup among the elderly of those diagnosed under DSM-II to have paranoid conditions is due to patients admitted well before age 54. The authors discuss the reasons for the poor prognosis of this group.
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PMID:Elderly schizophrenic inpatients in the wake of deinstitutionalization. 394 55

The authors examine the long-term stability of the subtypes of schizophrenia defined by four diagnostic systems. When all patients were considered, agreement between subtype assigned at index and follow-up was modest. This agreement increased considerably when only patients diagnosed as paranoid, hebephrenic, or catatonic at both index and follow-up were considered. As for individual subtypes, stability was highest for paranoid schizophrenia, intermediate for hebephrenia, and virtually absent for undifferentiated schizophrenia. The stability of paranoid schizophrenia was greatest when onset occurred after age 30. As length of follow-up increased, a larger proportion of patients were diagnosed as undifferentiated or residual.
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PMID:Subtype stability in schizophrenia. 401 4


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