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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Juvenile psychoses are on the whole rare, at any rate rarer than psychoses in adults. The former commonly used conception of the disease, hebephrenia, as a pubertal form of schizophrenia has largely lost its significance. The cardinal symptoms are delusions and disordered mental processes in addition to anxiety and states of excitement. The particular importance of this disease lies in the individual experience of this disturbance of the reference environment which is an existential threat to a newly formed personality and its relation to the environment. The difficulty in classifying it among the psychoses on the one hand and as a neurosis on the other has produced a term "borderline" for it, characterized by an infantile incompatibility with positive and negative tendencies in himself and in reference persons and through the lack of a stable reality of reference.
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PMID:[Psychoses and borderline cases in puberty and adolescence and their importance in criminal law (author's transl)]. 11 62

Twenty-three adolescent schizophrenics were studied in regard to the problems of the course of illness, prognosis and defect. Illustrations of cases (follow-up for three to 15 years) were presented. 1) The course was considered chiefly from the viewpoint of positive symptoms, namely paranoid-hallucinatory experiences. It was divided into the following four categories; remittent, persistent, scanty and fading types. At the same time, general characteristics of each type were discussed. 2) As to the changes in clinical forms, hebephrenia was gradually manifested in more than half of the cases. There were some cases in which the expansion of paranoid activities were observed. These two prominent tendencies might be explained in terms of personality disintegration and maturation. We were impressed, in this regard, that autistic tendencies and behavior disturbances were more manifest in the initial stages in patients who later turned more hebephrenic. 3) A mild defect was observed in fourteen cases, while a medium or severe defect was recognized in eight cases. Generally, the degree of defect seemed to be more manifest in female patients than in males. Moreover, the defect was generally more severe in early adolescent cases and in patients with insidious onsets as well as in those with a longer duration of illness than in mid-adolescent patients and those with acute onsets and a shorter duration of illness. 4) As the result of this investigation, it was substantiated that the prognosis in adolescent schizophrenia, especially in early adolescence, was unfavorable. 5) Finally, we were impressed by the fact that there were many patients who were treated mainly in ambulatory clinics or who stayed at home in spite of the above-mentioned unfavorable prognosis.
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PMID:On early and mid-adolescent schizophrenia.--Part II: prognosis, course and defect. 75 Mar 35

In the clinic we frequently come across cases of indistinct accentuated schizophrenic behaviour in youth. We mention here a casuistry which can be considered as a juvenile asthenic denial syndrome with coenaesthetic symptoms. This picture can be differentiated from coenaesthetic schizophrenia, hebephrenia, neurotic symptoms and physical psychoses which can be proven. The problem of differential diagnosis is considered with particular regard to progressive diagnosis.
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PMID:[The problem of apparent schizophrenic symptoms in juveniles]. 119 45

By the use of familial and genetic methods, data are presented which suggest that hebephrenic and paramoid schizophrenia are separate illnesses. The two entities have different clinical pictures and different outcomes. Hebephrenia shows a higher familial risk for schizophrenia than paramoid schizophrenia and most available data reveal that hebephrenia breeds true in the family. The relevance of the possibility that schizophrenia is composed of more than one autonomous illness to some current pharmacological theories and treatment studies is presented.
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PMID:Paranoid vs hebephrenic schizophrenia: clinical and familial (genetic) heterogeneity. 122 14

55 patients with schizophrenia were divided into three groups according to the clinical symptoms: (1) productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with hallucinations, catatonic excitation and stupor; (2) paranoia and schizophrenia simplex, and (3) non-productive schizophrenias, i.e. patients with schizophrenic defects and hebephrenia. Total cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the rates of cerebral oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and lactate metabolism were investigated. Patients with productive schizophrenias displayed a significant increase in CBF (to an average of 101.4 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 6.26 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 12.11 mg/100 g min), i.e. CBF and CMR oxygen nearly doubled and CMR glucose more than doubled in comparison with normal findings. In patients with paranoia and schizophrenia simplex CBF and oxidative metabolism did not vary much and were within the normal range. Non-productive schizophrenias showed a significant decrease in CBF (to an average of 36.7 ml/100 g min), CMR oxygen (to an average of 2.20 ml/100 g min) and CMR glucose (to an average of 3.86 mg/100 g min) in comparison with both other groups of schizophrenias and the group of healthy young men. The results demonstrated variations in CBF and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with distinct types of schizophrenia. It was possible to find a correlation between the mental state of the psychosis on the one hand and CBF and metabolism on the other. The high CBF and metabolic rates of the brain in productive schizophrenias might be due to disturbances in the cerebral metabolism of biogenic amines.
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PMID:Blood flow and oxidative metabolism of the brain in patients with schizophrenia. 123 37

In order to prevent patients from stealing, two categories of delinquents are to be taken into consideration: Those who suffer from somatic diseases and psychoses, e.g. prophyria, hypoglycemia, hebephrenia, schizophrenia, depression, mania or epileptic semiconscious states must be treated according to the basic sickness and by means of a supporting psychotherapy. In court exculpation should be recommended. Other people who fell the urge to steal are psychosocially disturbed. This may begin with lying, bad results at school and during professional or university training, and sometimes with running away from home. As soon as the family doctor observes these or similar phenomena, he should inform the parents, in order to start a preventive therapy of the family together with the prospective thief.
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PMID:[Preventive psychotherapy for prevention of stealing]. 126 57

To explore the validity of different approaches for subtyping schizophrenia, the conditions of 187 schizophrenic patients from the Chestnut Lodge follow-up study were rediagnosed with the use of classic subtype criteria. Independently collected data allowed construction of a longitudinal profile of the natural history of illness for patients who met operational criteria for paranoid (n = 78), hebephrenic (n = 26), and undifferentiated (n = 83) schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia had an older age at onset, often developed rapidly in individuals with good premorbid functioning, tended to be intermittent during the first 5 years of illness, and was most associated with good outcome or recovery. Hebephrenia had an earlier age at onset, often developed insidiously, and was associated with a greater family history of psychopathology, poor premorbid functioning, and, frequently, a continuous illness with a poor long-term prognosis. While also early and insidious in onset, unlike hebephrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia was poorly distinguished from the patients' premorbid state, associated with an early history of behavioral difficulties, and often resulted in a continuous but stable disability. We discuss implications for nosology. Although distinctive patterns were discernible, the considerable heterogeneity within subtypes calls for continued efforts to develop and explore alternate classification schemes.
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PMID:Natural history of schizophrenia subtypes. I. Longitudinal study of paranoid, hebephrenic, and undifferentiated schizophrenia. 174 20

The results of a one-year, open multicenter trial of perphenazine enanthate, a sustained-release neuroleptic drug, are reported. 240 patients (62% suffering from schizophrenia) were included in the study and 144 were followed during the 12-month period. The usual adverse reactions associated with sustained-release neuroleptic drugs were observed. Total and partial BPRS ratings showed that improvement (expressed as a percentage) after 12 months' treatment was similar for systematized chronic delusions, paranoid schizophrenia and hebephrenia. However, the onset of therapeutic activity was different in these three groups of patients. Maximum therapeutic activity, as defined by the BPRS rating, was obtained within 4 months in chronic delusions whereas schizophrenia improved more progressively. Such patients therefore require prolonged treatment before the therapeutic activity of a sustained-release neuroleptic drug can be assessed.
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PMID:[Perphenazine enanthate. Results of a 1-year open multicenter study]. 268 65

The unique situation that the Norwegian 1891 census included information on consanguineous relation between spouses and that first admissions to psychiatric hospitals by diagnosis were available for the years 1921-40, formed the basis for the present study. There are similarities between the pattern of inbreeding and admission rates in our rural communities, but we were unable to demonstrate any significant correlation. This is interpreted as due to selective avoidance in the choice of a marriage partner, particularly between near relatives. Good neighbourhood knowledge was an important factor in our sparsely populated communities with a marriage pattern distinguished by extreme geographical proximity of residence of spouses. The considerably lower proportion of first cousin matings than expected among parents of psychiatric in-patients 1926-55, illustrates the lower psychiatric morbidity in offspring of consanguineous parentage. Admissions 1921-40 comprised only functional psychoses with a predominance of schizophrenia (greater than 80%), which today is diagnosed in less than 10%. A decline in incidence rate is not likely, whereas changing diagnostic practice is probably a main factor. The near disappearance of catatonia and hebephrenia could be related to the introduction of psychotropic drugs and the accompanying improvement in hospital treatment. The epidemiology of schizophrenia is unchanged with a significant excess in lower social classes. This could in part be due to schizophrenic phenocopies related to the unchanged social differential in infant mortality and morbidity (including a particular season of birth effect), in part to the prevalence of adverse environment postnatally. The considerably greater male marital differential has probably a social cause, whereas male earlier onset of disease and more severe course of the disease are discussed in relation to the new concept of progressive sexual brain differentiation.
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PMID:Inbreeding and schizophrenia. 379 75

Early descriptions of schizophrenia may be found in the writings of Haslam and Morel, but the turning point in the development of the modern concept was Ewald Hecker's classic paper on hebephrenia in 1871. The syndrome he described--a psychosis of early onset with a deteriorating course characterized by a "silly" affect, behavioral peculiarities, and formal thought disorder--not only adumbrated Kraepelin's generic category of dementia praecox but quite specifically defined the later subtype of hebephrenic, or disorganized, schizophrenia as well. The present translation into English of Hecker's "Die Hebephrenie" makes accessible a crucial milestone in the history of modern psychiatry.
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PMID:The legacy of Ewald Hecker: a new translation of "Die Hebephrenie". Translated by Marie-Louise Schoelly. 390 88


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