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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 20 psychotic patients with frequent hallucinations and/or actual delusional experience a possible antipsychotic action of the opiate antagonist naloxone (N-allyl-noroxymorphone) was investigated, using a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design. 18 of these patients were not treated with neuroleptic drugs; 13 suffered from an acute episode of schizophrenia. Psychopathological changes were assessed by the use of the IMPS-scale and of a symptom-specific rating scale (VBS). Intravenous injection of naloxone (in most cases 4.0 mg) induced a reduction of psychotic symptomatology (especially hallucinations) in the majority of patients. Compared with placebo this effect reached statistical significance within 2-7 hours after injection. From this result a possible involvement of endogenous ligands of opiate receptors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia may be concluded.
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PMID:Indication of an antipsychotic action of the opiate antagonist naloxone. 3 Jan 1

During the past 25 years psychiatry has increased its understanding of the social context of schizophrenia in four major areas. Reasonable reliability can now be achieved in describing and recognizing many of the acute and chronic syndromes, so that comparability can be achieved between different research teams. Much is now known about the proximate social causes of symptoms and disabilities. The relationship between social and pharmacological treatments is now better understood. A more rational approach to the planning and prescription of services and to the counseling of patients and relatives can be made. Each of these lines of advance promises to lead to further progress in the future.
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PMID:The social context of schizophrenia. 3 Feb 88

This review surveys the therapeutic efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in schizophrenic patients. In general, the use of these drugs alone was found not to be warranted in schizophrenia, except perhaps in the so-called pseudoneurotic subgroup. In most cases, combinations of antidepressants and phenothiazines were not more beneficial than phenothiazines alone. In particular, the conditions of agitated patients and patients with histories of social deviance dating back to childhood were often made worse by the addition of an antidepressant. However, when the patients who demonstrated symptoms of clinical depression other than anergia were isolated from several of these studies, it was found that they constituted a subgroup that was often benefited by use of these combinations. Favorable and unfavorable clinical response patterns are discussed, and recommendations for future research are outlined.
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PMID:Use of antidepressant drugs in schizophrenia. 3 Apr 29

Research on psychoactive drugs: antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic was reviewed. The drug families and their usual side effects were described. Proliferation of drug use, polypharmacy, and tardive dyskinesia were seen as areas of concern; advances in biological explanations of schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorders, and increasing knowledge about the brain's neurotransmitters brightened the investigative efforts.
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PMID:Psychologists and psychoactive drugs. 3 17

Controlled investigations on the psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children are reviewed. Children with infantile autism might benefit from psychopharmacological medication when they grow older, e.g. above the age of 7 years. Learning might be facilitated when the psychoactive medication is able to inhibit psychotic preoccupations and idiosyncratic reactions. Schizophrenic and manic-depressive psychoses are rarely seen in childhood. A subgroup of the children with infantile autism might develop schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis in children are treated as in adults. Special caution must be paid to the toxic effects of imipramine.
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PMID:Psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children. A survey. 3 38

In an effort to establish correlations between abnormal behaviors characteristic of schizophrenia and simultaneous cerebral electrical activity, EEGs and electro-oculograms (EOGs) were continuously recorded for 2 to 24 hours by radiotelemetry from 40 patients with schizophrenia and 12 normal control subjects. Trained observers recorded specific behavior patterns permitting visual and computer analysis of EEG during hallucinations, stereotypy, catatonia, psychomotor blocking, and other characteristic manifestations of schizophrenia. Electroencephalographic abnormalities consisting of focal slow or spike activity over either temporal region were found in nearly half of the patients so recorded. In contrast to the EEG during ictal episodes of epilepsy, the abnormal wave forms of schizophrenic patients seldom coincided with episodes of blocking, stereotypy, or other abnormal behaviors. Increased extraocular activity or blinking were recorded in a majority of patients, but were not consistently associated with the abnormal behavior or perceptual events.
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PMID:Telemetered EEG-EOG during psychotic behaviors of schizophrenia. 3 32

In this paper I hope to provide the basis for a discussion on logic, logical thinking and creativity in medicine, particularly in psychiatry. By way of illustration we will examine schizophrenia with particular reference to biochemistry, but the discussion will focus on semantic issues and philosophical concepts. These issues are of fundamental importance in the development of psychiatry both as art and craft. Thus the paper deals both with the study of madness and madness itself. The title of the address illustrates some forms of communication which occur in the schizophrenias. It includes references to other ideas, to formal thought disorder and illogical thinking, private puns, vague links, and pointers to other sources and authors, namely, Bleuler (1950), Ernest Jones (1959) and Thouless (1974). These are all contained in a loose framework, wherein reference is made to a key anomaly always found in, but by no means unique to schizophrenia.
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PMID:Loose associations: straight and crooked thinking and the group of schizophrenias. 3 52

The antipsychotic drugs have provided effective and relatively safe treatment of schizophrenia, paranoid illnesses, and manic-depressive conditions marked by psychotic features. These agents are sometimes called "neuroleptic," as virtually all produce signs of extrapyramidal neurologic disorders in addition to their antipsychotic actions; in part, evidently, the neuroleptic effects are an artifact of the means of screening of potential new agents. These agents have a strong and selective antagonistic action on synaptic mechanisms in the brain mediated by dopamine as a neurotransmitter. This antidopamine action almost certainly contributes importantly to their parkinsonism effect (basal ganglia) and their prolactin-elevating (hypothalamic) effect; in addition, antipsychotic actions may be mediated by antidopamine effects, possibly in limbic and other forebrain centers.
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PMID:The "neuroleptic" antipsychotic drugs. 1. Mechanisms of action. 3 41

The long-term course or natural history of schizophrenia is correlated with differing diagnostic criteria and commonly agreed upon prognostic variables. A review of 38 long-term followup studies of hospitalized schizophrenics reveals that unspecified or Kraepelinian-type schizophrenia has a much worse prognosis than atypical schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychosis, reactive psychosis, or other good premorbid types. Diagnoses based on longitudinal as well as cross-reactional data are more predictive of outcome than cross-sectionally based diagnoses. Drug and psychosocial treatment results must be evaluated in terms of prognostic variables, many of which are incorporated in some currently employed diagnostic criteria. There is no firm evidence that maintenance medication is indicated in some good prognosis patients. The paucity of long-range followups, the inadequacies of outcome assessments, and diagnostic disagreements limit our understanding of the effects of drug treatment, a treatment which is not without dangerous neurological side effects in many patients.
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PMID:Long-term prognosis and followup in schizophrenia. 3 8

We have answered technical criticisms of our work in which anticholinergic agents were added to ongoing neuroleptic treatment in an ABA' research design. The suggested analysis of variance for repeated measures of the three periods is inappropriate because of the expected carryover effects from continuous neuroleptic treatment. The multivariate analysis of various parameters seems unsuitable because homogeneity of covariance cannot be ensured due to the heterogeneity of schizophrenia and the diverse factors represented in the psychopathology measures. We have summarized the results of recent parametric and nonparametric analyses of combined data from our three studies to show that the significant effects clearly pointed to therapeutic antagonism between anticholinergic agents and neuroleptics. We suggest that cholinergic neurons may be part of some crucial discriminative control mechanisms in the brain organization that are ineffective in schizophrenia and lead to a relative overactivity of the opposing catecholaminergic neurons in the midbrain-limbic circuitry which promote repetition of behaviors in goal-directed activity.
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PMID:Therapeutic antagonism between anticholinergics and neuroleptics: possible involvement of cholinergic mechanisms in schizophrenia. 3 9


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