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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reactive psychosis, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophreniform disorder have each been considered as possible third psychoses that are separate from schizophrenia and the affective psychoses. We review the history of one of these diagnoses, reactive psychosis, and critique studies that attempt to validate the category. Studies using modern research methods with well-defined criteria based on experience with patients who have received this diagnosis should test this category more rigorously. The salient features of the diagnosis are delineated by considering the rationale for its existence and examining the empirical form it has taken. In a second paper, we explore how these features may form a basis for criteria that may provide a more meaningful category in subsequent revisions of the DSM.
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PMID:Reactive psychosis. I. Does the pre-DSM-III concept define a third psychosis? 327 13

Until the 1970s, schizophrenia tended to be broadly defined in the United States, and the diagnosis subsumed patients who had affective as well as schizophrenic symptoms. With the introduction of lithium, however, manic-depressive illness became susceptible to treatment and gained attractiveness as a diagnosis. The ambiguous position of patients with schizoaffective disorder became clear. Cross-sectionally they were seen to resemble schizophrenic patients, but longitudinally they were more akin to patients with affective disorder. Numerous studies have attempted to establish that they are diagnostically distinct, but without clear results. The authors suggest that schizoaffective disorder is heterogeneous and that its treatment should be determined by specific indices as to its subtype.
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PMID:The heterogeneity of schizoaffective disorder: implications for treatment. 329 74

Ninety-one consecutively admitted patients with schizophrenia (n = 21), schizoaffective depression (n = 43), or psychotic depression (n = 27) entered a blind family study along with 36 never-ill controls. Though schizophrenia spectrum disorders clustered within families, they were not significantly more prevalent in the families of schizophrenic probands. In contrast, morbid risks for affective disorder clearly separated the families of psychotically depressed probands from the families of both schizophrenics and controls. Family study data for schizoaffective probands indicated links to both affective disorder and schizophrenia and suggested, as well, that a small number of patients with schizoaffective disorder may carry a genetic liability to both conditions.
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PMID:The heritability of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. A family study. 335 19

Two hundred thirty-seven relatives of 48 patients with chronic psychosis, diagnosed as either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, along with 380 relatives of psychiatrically normal controls, were studied using systematic diagnostic interviews, information from relatives, and review of medical records where appropriate. A variety of nonbipolar psychotic disorders was found in the relatives of the patients. Comparing relatives of patients with schizophrenia with relatives of patients with schizoaffective disorder, there was no tendency for schizoaffective diagnosis or acute psychoses to aggregate separately from schizophrenia. Increased incidence of bipolar disorder was found in relatives of patients with schizoaffective disorder but not in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Incidence of major affective disorder (bipolar and unipolar) was increased in relatives of probands with both types of psychoses. If we subdivide the ill probands according to whether or not they had a history of substance abuse, relatives of probands with substance abuse had greater frequency of affective disorder and substance abuse, but there were not significant differences in the number of relatives with nonbipolar psychoses.
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PMID:A controlled family study of chronic psychoses. Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 335 20

The empiric literature reports few distinctive features among patients discharged against medical advice (AMA) or absent without leave and regularly discharged inpatients. Interactive relationships between predictors of discharge status and diagnosis have not been studied, however. This study used discriminant function analyses to test for predictors of discharge with medical advice, AMA, and by transfer for inpatients with schizophrenia (N = 132), schizoaffective disorder (N = 61), borderline personality disorder (N = 69), and unipolar affective disorder (N = 42) from a follow-up study. Results showed that indexes of chronic psychosis predicted transfer for all diagnoses. Angry, impulsive behavior and unstable relationships predicted AMA discharge in all but the unipolar patients. For the latter, being married was most powerfully associated with AMA status.
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PMID:Predicting hospital discharge status for patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality disorder, and unipolar affective disorder. 335 22

The prognosis of self-discharged inpatients has seldom been studied, especially by diagnosis, and is frequently assumed to be poor. This study evaluated the long-term (15-year average) outcome of inpatients discharged with medical advice (WMA), against medical advice (AMA), or by transfer for patients with schizophrenia (N = 113), schizoaffective disorder (N = 46), borderline personality disorder (N = 63), and unipolar affective disorder (N = 33) from a follow-up study. Results showed that outcome among discharge cohorts varied considerably depending on diagnostic category. Within each diagnostic cohort, outcome of transferred patients was poorest. The outcome of AMA-discharged patients was poorer than the outcome of patients discharged with medical advice only in the unipolar cohort, except that AMA discharge in schizoaffective patients correlated significantly with suicide.
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PMID:Hospital discharge status and long-term outcome for patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, borderline personality disorder, and unipolar affective disorder. 335 23

A substantial number of patients do not meet diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia yet exhibit psychotic phenomena characteristic of that disorder (e.g., schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, paranoid disorder, atypical psychosis). The relationship between schizophrenia and these disorders is poorly understood. This paper describes how the two-threshold multifactorial model of familial transmission can be applied to test the hypothesis that these disorders share a multifactorial etiology with schizophrenia. The procedure is illustrated using data from a blind family study of the major psychoses. Results support the hypothesis that the disorders under examination share a common multifactorial familial etiology. Methodological issues are discussed along with suggestions for future research in this area.
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PMID:Familial links between schizophrenia and other disorders: application of the multifactorial polygenic model. 336 46

This report investigated differential cerebral impairment on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery in schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and depressive disorders (N = 106). Results indicated impaired tactile-stereognostic processing in schizoaffective and depressive disorder patients and verbal memory deficits in the schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorder patients. These findings question the specificity of functional neuropsychological deficit areas in schizophrenia and depression.
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PMID:Differential patterns of neuropsychological deficit in psychiatric disorders. 338 69

Forty-six patients with the ICD diagnosis of schizophrenic or similar paranoid psychosis, 35 patients with the ICD diagnosis of affective psychosis, 22 patients with the ICD diagnosis of schizoaffective psychosis, and a large sample of control probands from the general population were followed up using standardized assessment procedures 5-8 years after index hospital treatment. A comparison of respective psychopathological or social outcome measures among the diagnostic groups and between patients and matched non-patients from the general population survey confirms the hypothesis that patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia have, as a group, the poorest degree of psychopathological disturbances and social maladjustment. However, there is a large subgroup with a favourable outcome. Some predictors for poor outcome, described in the literature and in a former follow-up study of ours, could be confirmed. Under the aspect of invariance under different sample conditions, the predictive power of some prognostic scales, such as the Stephens Scale, the Vaillant Scale, and the Strauss-Carpenter Scale, was substantiated.
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PMID:Psychopathological and social outcome in schizophrenia versus affective/schizoaffective psychoses and prediction of poor outcome in schizophrenia. Results from a 5-8 year follow-up. 338 74

Nine patients (seven men and two women, mean age 36.3 +/- SD 6.7 years), six of whom had schizophrenic disorders, two of whom had bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness), and one of whom had schizoaffective disorder, manifested psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome). Their stable pattern of hyposthenuria allowed us to predict 24-hr urinary volume on the basis of estimated daily urinary creatinine and early morning urinary creatinine concentration. Lithium and carbamazepine (Tegretol) had little, if any, effect on polyuria. Correlations of parameters of urinary excretion with serum osmolality among our nine PIP patients failed to implicate water consumption as the exclusive cause of serum hypoosmolality and attendant complications usually ascribed to "water toxicity" in the PIP syndrome. Discussed, also, is the overlap of the clinical and laboratory features of the PIP syndrome with the clinical and laboratory features of both diabetes insipidus and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis.
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PMID:Correlation of parameters of urinary excretion with serum osmolality among patients with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome). 339 94


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