Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three monozygotic twin pairs are described who are concordant for DSM-III-R obsessive-compulsive disorder while being discordant for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Follow-up interview showed the non-psychotic co-twins to have schizotypal personality disorder. It is concluded that obsessive-compulsive and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can truly co-exist, thus supporting diagnostic changes introduced into DSM-III-R, and may in some cases be inherited together.
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PMID:Obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia in three identical twin pairs. 204 89

A dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed on 8 schizoaffective depressed men. Cross-sectional comparisons were made with three groups: schizophrenics (n = 10), unipolar major depressives (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 43). All were drug-free and similar in age and body weight. Evaluations utilized the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for diagnosis, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression for depressive symptom rating. DST nonsuppression, defined as a blood cortisol level of greater than or equal to 5.0 micrograms/dl at 16.00 h postdexamethasone, was observed in 43.5% of the major depressive disorder patients. This was different from the other three groups: 12.5% in schizoaffective depressed, 10.0% in schizophrenics and 9.3% in healthy controls (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.001 respectively). Although schizoaffective depressed patients were significantly different from major depressive disorder patients in their DST responses, both groups were similar in their total HRSD scores and different from the schizophrenics (p less than 0.01 for each). These results, together with others previously reported by us on the thyrotropin-releasing hormone challenge in the same diagnostic groups, may be taken to mean that schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, is biologically distinct from major depressive disorder but not schizophrenia. On the other hand, until further corroborated, they should probably be considered a reflection of the heterogeneity of the schizoaffective syndrome and the nonspecificity of the DST.
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PMID:The dexamethasone suppression test in a group of research diagnostic criteria schizoaffective depressed men. 209 69

Biological tests may help clarify the relationship of schizoaffective disorder to major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 500 micrograms, was administered intravenously to eight schizoaffective depressed (SD), ten SCZ, 23 MDD patients and 43 healthy controls (HC), all males, ages 20-66 years and drug-free. Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) were utilized for establishing diagnoses, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) total scores were used for assessing depressive symptoms. There were no differences in dmax PRL (post-TRH prolactin peak minus baseline, mean +/- SD) amongst SD, SCZ and HC groups (27.3 +/- 5.2, 28.8 +/- 5.4 and 31.5 +/- 5.6 ng/ml respectively). Mean dmax PRL in MDD was significantly lower than each of the other three groups (17.1 +/- 2.2 ng/ml, P less than 0.05 for all). The essentially normal PRL response to TRH in SD, significantly different from MDD but similar to SCZ parallels our previous observations on the pattern of thyrotropin (TSH) response to TRH in the same diagnostic groups. These biological findings may be taken to indicate that schizoaffective disorder, depressed subtype, is closer to schizophrenia than to major depressive disorder. However, they cannot be considered definitive evidence to that effect since schizoaffective disorders are known to be quite heterogeneous, and since the utilized biological tests lack specificity.
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PMID:Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in schizoaffective depressed compared to depressed and schizophrenic men and healthy controls. 212 54

Schizoaffective disorders take a position between schizophrenia and affective disorders regarding outcome in the sense of psychological residuum and social consequences. What prognosis a schizoaffective illness has depends mainly on intrasymptomatological factors: Melancholic episodes during course seem to predict a good long-term outcome, schizophrenia-typical symptoms in the opposite predestinate to the development of residuum and disability. Non-symptomatological factors do not have any direct influence on the development of a residuum and disability. The comparison of course studies is limited by severe difficulties based on methodological and definitional shortcomings. Such shortcomings are (a) broad definition of schizoaffective but also of schizophrenic psychoses, (b) globalization of the term "outcome", (c) partialization of the term "prognosis", (d) equalization of the terms "course" and "outcome", (e) ignoring of inhomogeneity and polymorphism of schizoaffective disorders, (f) global evaluation of "outcome", (g) short follow-up periods. Some suggestions how to limitate the mentioned methodological shortcomings are discussed.
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PMID:[Disability and residual symptoms in schizoaffective psychoses--data, methodologic problems and references for future research]. 218 Aug

The recurrent psychoses, rather than, as Kraepelin supposed, constituting 2 major entities, manic depressive illness and schizophrenia, as separate diseases, may be distributed along a continuum that extends from unipolar depressive illness through bipolar and schizoaffective psychosis to schizophrenia with increasing severities of defect state. It is proposed that this continuum rests on a genetic base, variations in the form of the gene accounting for variations in form of psychosis. The simplest interpretation of the continuum is that such variation relates to changes at a single genetic locus. Evidence from a postmortem study of brain structure in schizophrenia suggests that this is the gene that determines the development of asymmetries in the human brain, i.e., the cerebral dominance gene or right shift factor of Annett; a possible genomic location is in the pseudoautosomal region of the sex chromosomes.
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PMID:Nature of the genetic contribution to psychotic illness--a continuum viewpoint. 219 40

Several lines of evidence indicate altered noradrenergic function in schizophrenia. The authors examined resting, standing, and change (standing minus resting) in plasma norepinephrine levels in 14 drug-free patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in 33 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Schizophrenic patients had significantly higher resting and standing plasma norepinephrine levels and significantly greater change. Resting and standing levels were significantly related to positive and negative symptoms. There was a significant positive correlation between resting plasma and CSF norepinephrine levels and a significant negative correlation between CSF homovanillic acid and resting, standing, and change in plasma norepinephrine levels.
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PMID:Plasma norepinephrine in chronic schizophrenia. 222 Nov 57

In order to examine the relationship of behavioral response to psychostimulants and acute treatment response, we administered methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), an indirect dopamine (DA) agonist, to 38 patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for definite or probable schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, were experiencing their first acute episode of psychosis, and had received less than 12 weeks or no prior lifetime neuroleptic exposure. Following baseline methylphenidate infusions, patients received a standardized regimen of acute neuroleptic treatment. Methylphenidate produced an increase in psychopathology reflected by a worsening of both positive and negative symptoms. Using a priori criteria, 61 percent of patients exhibited psychotic symptom activation, and 39 percent showed no change. Activation during methylphenidate infusion during the initial acute phase of illness was not correlated with time to achieve antipsychotic treatment response but was associated with side-effect vulnerability.
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PMID:Behavioral response to methylphenidate and treatment outcome in first episode schizophrenia. 223 60

The author investigated in an open clinical study the neuroleptic and antidepressive action of Eglonyl in 17 patients who met the criteria (diagnosis of psychoaffective psychosis, symptoms in the sphere of schizophrenia, depressive pathic moods). Eglonyl was administered by injection during the first four days and in tablet form on the subsequent 24 days in individual daily doses of 300-800 mg. At the onset and after 7-day intervals the patients were followed up, by clinical and psychiatric tests, along with the evaluation of the therapeutic effect by means of the clinical global impression scale, CGI, by the BPRS scale, and side-effects by means of the SARS scale. For statistical analysis Wilcoxon's test was used. The expected neuroleptic and antidepressive action of Eglonyl was confirmed in the clinical trials in patients with schizoaffective psychosis--depressive type: marked improvement was recorded in 58.9% of patients, medium improvement in 29.4% and slight improvement in 11.7% of patients. The decline of the global score in BPRS is highly significant (T1 - Tpop = 76.5, P less than 1%).
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PMID:[Eglonyl in the treatment of schizoaffective psychoses]. 224 80

Haloperidol was administered IV to 46 male psychotic inpatients and 28 male control subjects. A two-way analysis of covariance, with age as the covariate, revealed that DSM-III schizophrenics (n = 27) had a lower prolactin response to haloperidol than did the controls (n = 28). There were no significant differences between the prolactin responses in schizophrenics, patients with affective disorders (n = 7), and those with other psychoses (n = 12), which included patients with paranoia, schizophreniform, schizoaffective disorder, and atypical psychoses. These findings support the proposition that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic dysfunction may occur in certain patients with DSM-III schizophrenia.
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PMID:Prolactin response to low-dose haloperidol challenge in schizophrenic, non-schizophrenic psychotic, and control subjects. 225 50

The authors review the literature on sex differences in four DSM-III diagnoses: schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychoses, unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. The findings indicate that (1) gender differences occur most frequently in schizophrenic patients: schizophrenic women exhibit a less deteriorated course of illness; (2) sex differences in affective disordered patients support the unipolar-bipolar subtype distinction; and (3) sex differences are less compelling but also less studied in schizoaffective disorder. Theories attempting to explain sex differences in schizophrenia are reviewed.
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PMID:Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders. A review. 227 81


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