Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 34-year-old black male with hemoglobin AS was admitted for renal failure, polydipsia, hypertension, schizophrenia, mental confusion, and visual hallucinations. Abnormal electrolytes were corrected by dialysis, but blood specimens were reported as hemolyzed with hyperkalemia. Peaked T waves on electrocardiographic analysis were followed by cardiac arrest. An autopsy revealed sickled cells in the visual cortex and other symptomatic organs, but normal erythrocytes in most of the vascular tree. These findings suggest true progressive sickle cell crisis in a hemoglobin AS patient.
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PMID:Crisis in sickle cell trait. 186 94

A 60 year old woman with idiopathic Parkinson's disease had been prescribed thioridazine for schizophrenia. Five months after this was stopped, Sinemet also considered of dubious therapeutic value, was withdrawn. One week later she developed features of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) accompanied by myoglobinuric renal failure. Post-mortem examination confirmed Lewy body degeneration in the substantia nigra. It is proposed that NMS may be caused by levodopa withdrawal in Parkinson's disease, and that it is withdrawal of dopaminergic drive that causes the syndrome.
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PMID:Levodopa withdrawal syndrome identical to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. 379 65

Psychological reactions and their 'hierarchies' regarding the own health status were analysed in a sample of 81 survivors of the Bonn Longitudinal Study on Aging and in different clinical samples (patients suffering from hemophilia, renal failure, heart infarction, stroke, and schizophrenia). The longitudinal analysis of the health-related response hierarchy points to a high degree of consistency of these reactions over time. Comparing the response hierarchies of the aged sample as related to different areas of life stress (such as housing, income, family, health problems), the author finds a high degree of discriminative competence in coping with stress. The same is true for the response hierarchies of the patient groups. This high degree of situation-specific selectivity in patterns of responses to chronical disease should be studied more intensively from theoretical as well as clinical-practical points of view.
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PMID:[Reactions to health stress in middle and advanced adulthood]. 648 77

This study shows that referrals to psychiatry for evaluation for competence to give informed consent generally were made on patients who refused medical treatment. In this sample of referred patients, the only patients found to be incompetent to give informed consent were those with organic brain syndromes. No one with either schizophrenia or depression was found to be incompetent. It is possible that schizophrenic and depressed patients may generally be competent to give informed consent to medical treatment. This finding might be true notwithstanding the fact that many such patients have been found in other studies to be incompetent to consent to voluntary psychiatric treatment. For example, a patient may have delusions that others can read his mind and thoughts, but he still can understand that he needs dialysis for renal failure. Alternatively, it may be relatively rare that an emergency procedure is necessary before a patient's psychosis can be brought under control and consequently internists and surgeons themselves may prefer to wait. The significance of the results is unclear. Because of active interest in the doctrine of informed consent for psychiatric and medical patients by both physicians and attorneys and the few studies within this population, there is a strong need for more study regarding competence to give informed consent. Further study is especially important for psychotic patients for whom psychiatric consultation is not requested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Competence to give informed consent for medical procedures. 674 44

Forearm arteriovenous (AV) fistulae were formed in seventeen patients with normal coagulation parameters as part of a controlled study of the effects of hemodialysis in schizophrenia. The 100% patency rate of AV fistulae in this group of patients compares favorably with the patency rates obtained with similar AV fistulae in renal failure patients, and it is significantly higher than the patency rates obtained for AV fistulae formed to improve venous access in patients with acute leukemia. The results suggest that uremic coagulopathy contributes little to the success of internal AV fistulae. Adequacy of forearm veins is thought to be of greater importance.
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PMID:High patency rate of internal arteriovenous fistulae in non-uremic patients with normal veins. 715 39

At least 67 schizophrenic patients have undergone dialysis for renal failure, without improvement in schizophrenic symptoms. Ninety-two nonuremic schizophrenic patients have received dialysis in nonblind studies; 22 improved, 21 improved partially, 47 showed no change, and 2 became worse. The authors point out factors other than dialysis that may affect outcome, including family respones and reduction in drug dose. They believe that until the results of current double-blind, sham-controlled trials are known, dialysis should not be prescribed as a treatment for schizophrenia.
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PMID:Dialysis for schizophrenia: review of clinical trials and implications for further research. 736 9

A 28-year-old woman, treated for schizophrenia, developed severe hypotonic hyponatremia (serum Na: 109 mEq/L) after several days of compulsive water drinking. The patient was admitted in a coma and required intensive supportive therapy. Rhabdomyolysis quickly followed with high serum creatine phosphokinase levels and myoglobinuria. A high volume alkaline diuresis was initiated. Renal failure or compartment syndrome did not complicate the clinical picture. The mechanisms causing water intoxication and hyponatremia are discussed as are the possible pathogenetic explanations behind acute hyponatremia and rhabdomyolysis.
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PMID:Case report: severe hyponatremia after water intoxication: a potential cause of rhabdomyolysis. 870 73

A case of rhabomyolysis with attendant severe acute renal failure, arisen in a 59-year-old male treated with haloperidol-decanoate, is presented. The patient has been affected by paranoia schizophrenia since childhood, and he was treated with electroshock and successively with neuroleptics p.o. Four years before our observation, a therapy with haloperidol decanoate (50 mg i.m. monthly) was started. After some time, catatonic like episodes appeared, which got more and more frequent, until they appeared weekly. In occasion of the last of them, he was admitted to our hospital. At the objective examination he presented psychomotory arrest, perspiration, mytacism, severe muscle rigidity, moderate oedems to lower limbs. Laboratory findings showed a pattern consistent with rabdomyolysis and severe renal failure. After that haloperidol decanoate was stopped and rehydration and intensive diuretic therapy was started, the clinical and laboratory pattern went normal, persisting however a light creatinine increase. Probably the rhabdomyolysis was induced by the haloperidol decanoate, and renal failure by secondary severe hyvolemia. This case comes into the so-called neuroleptic malignant syndrome which can rarely arise in patients treated with antipsycotic agents and which causes high mortality, particularly when there are rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.
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PMID:[Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure caused by haloperidol-decanoate (neuroleptic malignant syndrome)]. 905 57

Protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyse the methylation of guanidinonitrogen(s) of arginine to produce NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), asymmetric NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) and symmetric NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine (SDMA), which are subsequently released into the cytoplasm following proteolysis. Free intracellular L-NMMA and ADMA, but not SDMA, are inhibitors of all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (nNOS, eNOS and iNOS). L-NMMA and ADMA, but not SDMA, are actively metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) to L-citrulline and methylamine (and dimethylamine). Free methylarginines are detectable in cell cytosol, plasma and tissues. Elevated ADMA has been detected in the plasma of patients or experimental animals with hypercholesterolemia, renal failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, thrombotic microangiopathy, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and in the regenerated endothelial cells after angioplasty. Moreover, in the non-cardiovascular field, ADMA was increased in the urethral tissue following ischemia and in the plasma of patients with schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis. Altered biosynthesis of NO has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and it is possible to consider that the accumulation of endogenous L-NMMA and ADMA underlies the impaired NO generation and increased O2- production. We described herein the biosynthesis, transmembrane transport, metabolic pathway and possible pathophysiological roles of endogenous methylarginines.
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PMID:[Biological and pathophysiological roles of endogenous methylarginines as inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase]. 1186 54

DMSO is an amphipathic molecule with a highly polar domain and two apolar methyl groups, making it soluble in both aqueous and organic media. It is one of the most common solvents for the in vivo administration of several water-insoluble substances. Despite being frequently used as a solvent in biological studies and as a vehicle for drug therapy, the side-effects of DMSO (undesirable for these purposes) are apparent from its utilization in the laboratory (both in vivo and in vitro) and in clinical settings. DMSO is a hydrogen-bound disrupter, cell-differentiating agent, hydroxyl radical scavenger, intercellular electrical uncoupler, intracellular low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol mobilizing agent, cryoprotectant, solubilizing agent used in sample preparation for electron microscopy, antidote to the extravasation of vesicant anticancer agents, and topical analgesic. Additionally, it is used in the treatment of brain edema, amyloidosis, interstitial cystitis, and schizophrenia. Several systemic side-effects from the use of DMSO have been reported, namely nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolysis, rashes, renal failure, hypertension, bradycardia, heart block, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and bronchospasm. Looking at the multitude of effects of DMSO brought to light by these studies, it is easily understood how many researchers working with DMSO (or studying one of its specific effects) might not be fully aware of the experiences of other groups who are working with it but in a different context.
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PMID:Multidisciplinary utilization of dimethyl sulfoxide: pharmacological, cellular, and molecular aspects. 1266 39


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