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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Methylphenidate hydrochloride dextroamphetamine sulfate, and levamfetamine succinate have potential as pharmacologic tools for the indirect evaluation of the role of neurotransmitters in schizophrenia. In actively ill schizophrenic patients, methylphenidate administered intravenously causes a brief but clear intensification of preexisting psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. In our study, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine were administered in equimolar doses to schizophrenic patients. Methylphenidate was a more effective activator of symptoms than dextroamphetamine, which in turn was more effective than levamfetamine. Levodopa (L-dopa) given orally also reportedly produces a temporary worsening of schizophrenic symptoms. While these findings augment a body of information suggesting that dopamine and norepinephrine may play a role in the activation of schizophrenic symptoms, our findings with methylphenidate (reportedly weak in eliciting stereotyped behaviour in rat) and our review of the literature indicate complexities that remain to be resolved. There is some utility of the procedure for differential diagnosis and selective therapy, but this is still of occasional and limited potential.
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PMID:Methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, and levamfetamine. Effects on schizophrenic symptoms. 76 22

The hypothesis of a hereditary mutative enzyme disturbance which becomes effective via biochemical, for peristatic influences susceptible cerebral mechanisms, is compatible with all findings. The evidences are stated. Schizophrenia is a predominantly hereditary disease. The findings of the family and twin research confirm this statement, in particular the difference of the concordance figures with monovular and binovular twins, furthermore the existence of substrate-close basic disturbances with their analogies to cerebro-organic symptomatology, the frequency and structure of pure residual syndromes and the results of clinical-encephalographic correlation examinations. Slightly marked internal brain atrophies which can be demonstrated by pneumo- and echoencephalogram can be correlated with the "pure defect" which is the most frequent residual syndrome of schizophrenic diseases. A geneticly conditioned cerebral enzyme defect can cause an atrophy in the region of the limbic system; however, a merely functional decompensation of a cerebral enzyme disturbance, without atrophy is imaginable in a part of the schizophrenia and cyclothymia. In certain active basic stages the EEG reveals abnormal rhythms ("parenrhythmiae"), which also allow a topical classification to functional structures of the limbic system. The non-characteristic organic "pure potential reduction" is irreversible, the typically schizophrenic syndromes potentially reversible. Basic disturbances and basic syndromes are in prodromes and outpost syndromes prior to manifestation of psychosis and after their remission the actually primary symptoms. The typically schizophrenic syndrome results from the amalgamation of the basal functional disturbance with the "anthropological matrix", partly provoked by - also non-specific - stress factors. The substrate-close basic symptoms: coenesthesias, perception disorders, zentral-vegetative dysregulations and cognitive primary disturbances can be seen as expression of a pathologically altered cerebral function in the region of the integrative system which is responsible for the regulation of the cerebral filter and protection processes.
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PMID:[Evidences for the somatosis hypothesis of schizophrenia (author's transl)]. 77 Feb 96

The literature on art productions from psychiatric patients consistently suggests that specific graphic characteristics distinguish among various major diagnostic groups. These hypothesized differences are summarized. Systematic collection of art productions as part of separate research programs studying affective psychoses and schizophrenia has enabled us to amass a collection of psychotic patients' drawings which are used in an attempt to evaluate these hypotheses empirically. Art sessions were held with 104 patients hospitalized for affective psychoses and with 62 patients hospitalized for acute schizophrenia at NIH's Clinical Center. Comparing these drawings across diagnostic groups revealed, to our surprise and contrary to extant hypotheses, considerable within-diagnostic group variability and between-group overlap. There were, nonetheless, some trends in the hypothesized directions. These differences, however, disappeared when comparisons were made on a subsample of age-matched patients. This discrepancy between this research and expectations based on the literature is discussed. Our studies indicate that pictorial characteristics are not closely associated with diagnosis. We have, however, found that individual patient's art productions, and their associations to the pictures, are of great value in arriving at a dynamic understanding of the patient, regardless of diagnosis.
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PMID:A comparative study of art expression of schizophrenic, unipolar depressive, and bipolar manic-depressive patients. 77 71

The objectives of the study have been to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of PLP 100-127 (6-(4-methyl-l-piperazinyl) morphanthridin) on patients with moderate to severe insomnia, to evaluate safety and tolerance of the drug and to investigate whether or not the drug may have dependence producing properties through the possible development of mental and/or physical dependence. A clinical-therapeutical long-term comparsion as a double blind cross-over investigation between PLP 100-127 and nitrazepan is presented. 30 patients at Gaustad hospital, mainly long-term patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, were selected for the trial, which lasted for 38 weeks. There were 9 drop outs, mainly due to relapse of psychotic symptoms. PLP 100-127 seems to have a favorable effect on moderate and severe insomnia in patients suffering from severe mental diseases. It seems to be well tolerated in these groups of patients. No signs of dependence producing properties have been observed by the observation method here presented.
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PMID:Clinical trial with a new substance (PLP 100-127) in order to asses therapeutic efficacy and dependence creating properties. 78 60

It would seem that some set of operational definitions are required for the spectrum of psychotic patients often embraced by the rubric schizophrenia. The problems of acute (first-admission) and chronic patients have been described. At the present time 'relapse re-admissions' would seem to constitute the best population for drug evaluations. The importance of factors such as age, sex, ethnics, geography and length of history has been emphasized. Finally the importance of carefully excluding patients who would be at risk from pre-existing disease or hypersensitivity has been emphasized.
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PMID:Assessment of drugs in schizophrenia. Diagnosis and patient selection. 79 23

To improve observer uniformity and objectivity in the psychiatric appraisal of parents of psychotic children, structured psychiatric interviews were administered to 64 parents of psychotic children, including 28 husband--wife pairs and 8 single parents. Judgments were recorded on the Spitzer--Endicott Psychiatric Status Schedule and the past section of their Current and Past Psychopathology Scales. There were no significant differences between fathers and mothers of organic and nonorganic children (children with and without evidence of neurological dysfunction). As a whole, the 56 parents in the 28 participating husband-wife pairs fell between a contrast group of 55 adult subjects attending a psychiatric clinic and another contrast group of 130 subjects living in the community in upper Manhattan in their trends to pathological symptoms as judged by the Psychiatric Status Schedule. Similarly, in the past section of the Current and Past Psychopathology Scales the parents showed a trend to more psychopathology than a community sample of 36 nonpatient adults. Finally, computer diagnoses based on the Psychiatric Status Schedule showed more schizophrenia in the parents of the psychotic children than in a sample of 130 nonpatient adults in the community. The data thus tend to support findings based on the unstructured interview of elevated schizophrenia rates in parents of psychotic children.
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PMID:A study of psychopathology of parents of psychotic children by structured interview. 79 50

The suicide rate is higher among those who suffer from a physically based psychosis than among the average population. The proportion of endogenous psychoses in suicides is assessed at about one third, and in attempted suicide about 15 per cent. Of the endogenous psychoses, schizophrenia and depression are the principal diseases causing suicidal actions, of the physically based psychoses, all diseases which cause disturbances of this kind, cerebral vascular sclerosis and epilepsy being particularly frequently represented.
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PMID:[Psychotic acts of suicide (author's transl)]. 80 94

According to several follow-up studies in the literature, anorexia nervosa has to be considered as an affection with a grave prognosis. We have studied the outcome in a group of 32 female patients who could be considered as homogeneous in a number of aspects. The following five criteria, on which the delineation of the syndrome is based, were realized in all the patients: considerable weight loss; limited food intake; amenorrhea; juvenile age of onset; absence of primary organic or specific psychotic disorder. All of them presented a serious symptomatology and had undergone some previous treatment under the form of ambulatory psychotherapy and/or forced feeding. They all received, during their admission in the same hospital, the same form of combined intensive medical and psychotherapeutic treatment. All of them maintained regular psychotherapeutic contacts with the same psychiatrist. According to the outcome, the patients could be categorized into three groups: the cured, the improved, the unimproved. In order to circumscribe some prognostic elements, we have compared a number of clinical, family and personality variables in these groups. As favorable clinical factors can be mentioned: younger age at admission and shorter duration of the illness. Manifestations of impulsive behavior (automutilation, kleptomania, fugues, etc. ...) and sucide attempts are unfavorable. No definite family factors can be defined, although the absence of psychological interaction with the father seems to be unfavorable. A better prognostic outcome is offered by the following personality characteristics, determined by psychological testing: lower neuroticism and higher self-defensiveness on the ABV; a lower general profile and especially a lower score on the schizophrenia scale of the MMPI; less pronounced tendencies to infantile regression, passivity and sexual repression as these are expressed in the TAT.
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PMID:Elements of resistance to a combined medical and psychotherapeutic program in anorexia nervosa. An overview. 81 38

Pimozide 1-(1-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]-4-peperidinyl)-2-benzimidazolone, is the first of a new series of psychotropic drugs, the kiphenylbutylpiperidines. It is advocated for once-daily use as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia and for the treatment of psychic and functional disorders induced by personality traits. Published data suggest that in chronic schizophrenia, pimozide 4 to 6mg daily is indistinguishable from maintenance doses of chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, flupenthixol, perphenazine, or thioidazine. Patient groups have usually been to small to allow statistically significant differences to be apparent, but in some trials pimozide was significantly superior to trifluoperzine and to haloperidol. On present evidence, pimozide has no place in the hyperactive, aggressive type of patient or in treating the acute phase of schizophrenia, probably because of its relative lack of sedative properties compared with many antipsychotic drugs. The incidence and severity of extrapyramidal reactions with pimozide are low, but suitably designed controlled studies are needed to determine whether its use leads to a reduction in the requirement for antiparkinsonian medication. In anxious patients, pimozide seems to offer no advantages over currently available anxiolytic agents, either in terms of efficacy or incidence of side-effects. Claims for a specific effect against anxiety associated with psychosis or disturbed personality traits remain unproven.
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PMID:Pimozide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses in psychiatry. 82 16

Starting out from an assessment of the course of the disease in the case of 27 patients with acute or sub-acute schizophrenia, and 9 suffering from a paraphrenia and 6 patients with paranoic atypical psychoses, an attitude was established with regard to the therapeutic effectiveness of Fluphenazin-Dekanoat, Fluphenazin-Oenanthat and Flupenathixol-Dekanoat. No important distinctions between the combinations appeared. Long-term treatment with depot neuroleptica proved itself a suitable and valuable addition to anti-psychotic therapy. In the case of several patients uninterrupted remissions lasting over 3 years were achieved.
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PMID:[Clinical experiences with depot neuroleptics]. 82 18


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