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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cerebral embolism can manifest itself in certain cases as pure psychosis. In the absence of neurological symptoms it might be mistaken for schizophrenia or manic-depressive psychosis. Cardiac disease and cardiac surgery involve a high risk of embolism. Microembolism plays a special role with extracorporal circulation. There is a significant increase of postoperative psychosis in cases with E.C.C. in comparison to closed heart surgery. Immediately post-operatively there occurs what has been described as the "catastrophic reaction" or "immobilization syndrome". This reaction is in fact an akinetic, parkinsonian-like state for which there is good evidence that it is due to transient microembolism of the basal ganglia ("striatum apoplexy"). After its disappearance around the 3rd--5th day "cardiac psychoses" (cardiac delirium) may manifest themselves. Patients who develop these "late" psychoses have a significantly higher correlation with endogenous psychoses in their family histories. On the psychopathological level--in the absence of disturbances of consciousness and orientation--it is not possible to differentiate between "exogenous" and "endogenous" psychosis. A special type of psychopathological reaction is dependent, as in neurological disease, on the severity of brain damage, its localization and on hereditary factors.
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PMID:[Cerebral embolism and psychosis with special reference to cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. 6 Dec 57

Dopamine, glutamic acid decarboxylase (G.A.D.) and choline acetyltransferase (C.A.T.) were measured in four regions of post-mortem brains. 41 patients with the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia (psychotic group) were compared with a control grout normal in the putamen. G.A.D. activity was significantly reduced in the psychotic group, by about 50% in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus, and by about 30% in the putamen. C.A.T. activity was significantly lower in nucleus accumbens from the psychotic group, but normal in other brain regions. From an assessment of case notes, "schizophrenia" was distinguished from "schizophrenia-like psychosis". The biochemical findings for these subgroups were essentially similar, although C.A.T. activity in nucleus accumbens and hippocampus from the schizophrenic group was significantly lower than in controls. It is of brain are associated with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses, although whether such neurochemical abnormalities are related to the illness or are a consequence of prolonged treatment with neuroleptic drugs remains unclear.
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PMID:Increased brain dopamine and reduced glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyl transferase activity in schizophrenia and related psychoses. 7 64

Sixty patients meeting the criteria established for schizophrenia who attained a clinical plateau following hospital discharge were randomized to receive for one year either penfluridol, 20 to 160 mg orally once each week, or fluphenazine decanoate, 0.5 to 4 ml every two weeks. The relapse rate for both treatments was low and equal. The rate of recurrence of psychosis for patients receiving penfluridol was 7% and for those receiving fluphenazine decanoate 10%. A retrospective comparison of the penfluridol group was made to a similar group of patients assigned to placebo in an earlier study. Placebo-treated patients had a relapse rate of 68%. Penfluridol patients had statistically fewer psychotic relapses. Questions about the possible carcinogenicity of penfluridol in animals will have to be resolved before it can be widely used. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using an oral, long-acting antipsychotic agent. It would be a useful psychopharmacologic addition in the treatment of outpatient schizophrenics.
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PMID:Long-acting oral vs injectable antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenics: a one-year double-blind comparison in multiple episode schizophrenics. 9 27

Amphetamine psychosis has been considered to be a pharmacologic model of schizophrenia. Fifteen previously reported cases were reviewed in which experimental induction of amphetamine psychosis occurred in nonschizophrenic drug abusers. Seven (possibly ten) cases manifested Schneider's first rank symptoms and all had World Health Organization Present-State Exam symptoms which discriminated schizophrenia. This observation draws further parallels between the phenomenology of amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenic symptoms.
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PMID:Amphetamine psychosis and psychotic symptoms. 11 94

Psychiatric disorder was studied in 62 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (study group) and 70 patients with grand mal epilepsy (control group), both diagnosed electroencephalographically. The two groups were similar as regards age, sex, socio-economic status, duration and frequency of fits, family history and premorbid personality. A significantly greater number of temporal lobe epileptics had emotional disturbances in childhood and psychiatric abnormalities at the time of study. Neuroses, schizophrenia and behaviour disorder occurred more commonly in the study group, while epileptic personality and confusional psychosis were seen more frequently in the controls. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of relevant literature.
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PMID:Psychiatric manifestations in temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled study. 12 Feb 10

An act of suicide is understood as a sort of decompensation inside a schizophrenia, a cyclic psychosis as described by Leonhard, or a reactive depression, but is in particular the expression of a depressive reaction and the end result of a depressive neurotic development. 107 patients (55 men and 52 women) were under constant treatment because of suicide attempts: 37 cases of depressive neurosis, 23 cases of depressive reaction, 7 cases of reactive depression, 10 cases of hysterical reaction, 8 alcoholics, and 22 endogenous psychotics. In 1974 there were still 50 patients under examination. 22 patients were no longer alive, 15 of which had committed suicide. Check-ups showed that the depressive neurotics and reactive depressives had an emotive personality stress, whilst the cases of depressive reaction appeared mostly beyond help.
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PMID:[Catamnestic studies of 107 patients receiving inpatient treatment 1966-1969 because of attempted suicide]. 12 54

A case is reported of a patient with carcinoid syndrome who developed a exogenous psychosis while under treatment with the serotonin-inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Partial symptoms similar to delirium and schizophrenia were exhibited. The attached literature survey focuses on the psychological side effects of PCPA treatment. A discussion follows concerning noteworthy phenomenological similarities between the case reported and certain forms of amphetamine psychosis. Common biochemical mechanisms are hypothetically stated.
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PMID:[Exogenous psychosis in a patient with carcinoid syndrome following treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)]. 13 50

The effectiveness of a community mental health programme in a developing country (Fiji) is examined. The programme was remarkable in that very little expertise was available in the community for it to be carried through. The results indicate that one category of hospital in-patient will subsequently derive significant benefit, namely the patient diagnosed as having schizophrenia who has been in a mental hospital more than once. Evidence from this study confirmed observations made by others that benign acute psychotic episodes are not infrequent in this sort of setting.
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PMID:An evaluation of psychiatric after-care in a developing country (Fiji). 18 50

The responsibility of the folate deficiency in some neuropsychiatric disorders is recent knowledge. The role of the folate on the nervous system is not yet well definite, but the action on the metabolism of the amino-acids, on the purine and the pyrimidine synthesis and on the metabolism of the catecholamins are certainly essential. The neuropsychiatric diseases secondary to the folate deficiency are numerous: dementia, schizophrenia like syndromes, insomnia, irritability, forgetfulness, endogenous depression, organic psychosis, pueperal psychosis, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy (spinal cord syndrome and/or pyramidal tract damage), restless legs syndrome. Clinically the diagnosis may be difficult with sub acute combined degenration secondary to the pernicious anaemia, and the dosage of the folate (in serum, in red-cells and in cerebrospinal fluid) is necessary. The congenital defects in the uptake or utilization of the folate are associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances. The treatment is easy and safe if the vitamin B12 deficiency is eliminated and if employed with caution in epileptic patients because folate can induced seizures.
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PMID:[Folate and the nervous system (author's transl)]. 22 16

A 25-year-old female patient with a psychotic illness lasting three months in which schizophrenia and depressive episodes occurred was studied by serial EEGs. These were coded, masked and rated in a set way without knowledge of the clinical state. It was found that the schizophrenic state was characterized by a decrease in the amount and poor organization of alpha activity, as well as the occurrence of paroxysmal phenomena in particular a typical spike and wave. In the depressive episode, alpha activity was prominentand only scanty paroxysmal features were seen. Using these criteria a series of EEGsfrom psychiatric patients were assessed 'blind' with a view to separating them into either a schizophrenic or a depressive category. This proved possible in 17 cases (9 depressive and 8 schizophrenic). In only two was the categorization completely misjudged. These results suggest that further detailed study of the EEG, possibly with computer analysis, combined with assessment of the behavioural state might not only yield useful diagnostic information but also lead to a better understanding of the underlying neurophysiological basis of certain mental disorders.
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PMID:EEG features of depressive and schizophrenic states. 23 62


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