Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An appreciative cooperation among dermatology, clinical psychology and psychology and psychiatry is necessary and useful. By selected facts interactions between central and autonomous nervous system on one side and the immune system on the other side were described. As far as the neutrocutaneous interrelations are concerned the cutaneous stimulation appears to be an important factor for the physical and physiologic development. In addition, the skin communicates to the environment and other people. Therefore, it plays a role in the social integration. Psychiatric diseases can affect the skin (e.g. delusions of parasitosis in schizophrenia). On the other hand primary skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acune vulgaris, chronic idiopathic urticaria and alopecia areata may induce psychologic features. The characteristics of the personalities of dermatological patients are discussed. The psychodiagnostics (personal interview, questionaires) is followed by psychotherapeutic procedures such as personal consultations, treatment in groups, hypnosis and autogenous training. Our experiences in the psychodiagnostics and treatment are briefly reported. Finally, psychotropic drugs-antipsychotic, anti-depressant, antianxiety, and hypnotic agents - may be useful as an adjunct in the management of dermatologic disorders, if applied under precautious indications.
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PMID:[Psychosomatic dermatology]. 209 9

This paper presents epidemiological data on the prevalence of 26 common (i.e., having a lifetime prevalence of more than 1 per 10(4) individuals in the population) multifactorial diseases in Hungary and estimates of detriment associated with them. The detriment is expressed using 3 indicators, namely years of lost life (LL), potentially impaired life (PIL) and actually impaired life (AIL). The total prevalence of these diseases in Hungary has been estimated to be about 6500 per 10(4) individuals in the population. This estimate is in agreement with published data for other parts of the world. On the basis of clinical severity, these diseases have been split into 3 groups, namely (1) very severe (schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, acute myocardial infarction and related conditions, and systemic lupus erythematosus); (2) moderately severe and/or episodal or seasonal (15 entities including Graves' disease, diabetes mellitus, gout, affective psychoses, essential hypertension, peptic ulcers, asthma, etc.); and (3) less severe than those in the first 2 groups (varicose veins, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, Scheuermann disease and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis). The essential clinical and genetic aspects of these diseases are briefly discussed. With the exception of epilepsy, none of the diseases included in our list causes mortality between ages 0 and 19. However, they are among the leading causes of death between ages 20 and 69 and thereafter. A sizeable proportion of those with essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. survive to 70 years and beyond, as do those with gout, glaucoma, allergic rhinitis, psoriasis, etc. Overall, about 16% of all deaths that occur in Hungary every year (all age groups) can be attributed to these diseases. The mean number of years of PIL covers a wide range (about 20-40, 12-70 and 40-60 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively), the overall mean being about 24 years. However, the nature and degree of impairment and the impact on the life quality of those afflicted differ for the different diseases. Likewise, the mean number of years of AIL (for which the interval between the mean age at premature retirement and mean age at death was used as a rough index) also spans a wide range from 16 to 45, and the overall mean is about 20 years. At the population level, the diseases considered in this paper cause about 2700 years of LL, 96,000 years of PIL and about 5800 years of AIL per 10(4) individuals in the population. Relative to Mendelian diseases as a whole, these multifactorial diseases are associated with much greater detriment (LL: 1.4 X; PIL: 30 X and AIL: 3.9 X).
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PMID:The load of genetic and partially genetic diseases in man. II. Some selected common multifactorial diseases: estimates of population prevalence and of detriment in terms of years of lost and impaired life. 305 77

Artificial insemination donor selection requires predicting which men are likely to beget the healthiest offspring. Methods are developed for calculating the "offspring excess recurrence risk", delta R, for an anomaly in the offspring of an afflicted father. Mainly from published family survey and population data delta R is computed for 38 disorders. From a small survey a value for the with-treatment "affliction burden", Bt, is assigned to each anomaly. For each disorder the "offspring excess burden expectation" is delta RBt. Defects such as cataract, hereditary Parkinson disease, psoriasis, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, and schizophrenia have such a high delta RBt that they are individually sufficient cause for rejecting a donor candidate. A candidate may be rejected because of a combination of lesser defects with sigma delta RBt exceeding an acceptable limit. A limit should also be placed on Bt, because the affliction burden for Tay-Sachs disease or cystic fibrosis is intolerable, however infrequent. Most of the important hereditary defects are late onset, and for the older donor the opportunity to select more directly against late-onset disorders offsets the added risk of newly-arising gene mutations. The most careful donor selection cannot completely eliminate the risk of a child inheriting some disorder, but selection can reduce the average total burden by as much as 17%.
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PMID:Selection against genetic defects in semen donors. 646 72

Recent advances in molecular biology have provided geneticists with ever-increasing numbers of highly polymorphic genetic markers that have made possible linkage mapping of loci responsible for many human diseases. However, nearly all diseases mapped to date follow clear Mendelian, single-locus segregation patterns. In contrast, many common familial diseases such as diabetes, psoriasis, several forms of cancer, and schizophrenia are familial and appear to have a genetic component but do not exhibit simple Mendelian transmission. More complex models are required to explain the genetics of these important diseases. In this paper, we explore two-trait-locus, two-marker-locus linkage analysis in which two trait loci are mapped simultaneously to separate genetic markers. We compare the utility of this approach to standard one-trait-locus, one-marker-locus linkage analysis with and without allowance for heterogeneity. We also compare the utility of the two-trait-locus, two-marker-locus analysis to two-trait-locus, one-marker-locus linkage analysis. For common diseases, pedigrees are often bilineal, with disease genes entering via two or more unrelated pedigree members. Since such pedigrees often are avoided in linkage studies, we also investigate the relative information content of unilineal and bilineal pedigrees. For the dominant-or-recessive and threshold models that we consider, we find that two-trait-locus, two-marker-locus linkage analysis can provide substantially more linkage information, as measured by expected maximum lod score, than standard one-trait-locus, one-marker-locus methods, even allowing for heterogeneity, while, for a dominant-or-dominant generating model, one-locus models that allow for heterogeneity extract essentially as much information as the two-trait-locus methods. For these three models, we also find that bilineal pedigrees provide sufficient linkage information to warrant their inclusion in such studies. We also discuss strategies for assessing the significance of the two linkages assumed in two-trait-locus, two-marker-locus models.
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PMID:Two-trait-locus linkage analysis: a powerful strategy for mapping complex genetic traits. 780 44

The field of neuropeptides has been expanding very rapidly in recent years. Apart from understanding their physiology and elucidating their functional role as putative neurotransmitters, research has focused on producing drugs that may treat a variety of illnesses in a novel way. Substance P antagonists occupy a central role in this area of intensive scientific activity. Substance P (SP), an undecapeptide, is abundant both in the periphery and in the CNS, where it is usually co-localised with one of the classical neurotransmitters, most commonly serotonin (5-HT). A role for SP is proposed in the regulation of pain, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and, in the CNS, emesis, migraine, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety. A recently published positive study of MK 869, in depression, a novel SP antagonist has generated excitement amongst psychopharmacologists. It is the first time that a drug, not directly related to monoamine transmitters, has showed efficacy in depression. Although MK 869 has been suspended from further development, a host of other compounds, with similar action and better pharmacological profile, are currently under development. In this review, the pharmacology of central SP and its receptors are discussed, together with the exploration of the prospects and implications for future treatments of depression.
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PMID:Substance P antagonists: novel agents in the treatment of depression. 1106 Jul 83

Interferon (IFN)-gamma is an important immune regulator in normal immunity. When IFN gamma production is disturbed, various autoimmune diseases (ADs) can develop, in which we suggest that anti-IFN gamma could have a beneficial effect. Depending on the cell type in which IFN gamma synthesis is disturbed, different clinical manifestations may result. We have also proposed to remove tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, together with certain types of IFNs, to treat various ADs and AIDS, also an autoimmune condition. Anti-IFN gamma has been tested in several T-helper cell (Th1) ADs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), corneal transplant rejection, uveitis, Type I diabetes, schizophrenia (anti-IFN gamma and anti-TNF alpha), and various autoimmune skin diseases (alopecia areata, psoriasis vulgaris, vitiligo, pemphigus vulgaris and epidermolysis bullosa). A strong, sometimes striking, therapeutic response followed administration of anti-IFN gamma, indicating that it may be a promising therapy for Th1 ADs.
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PMID:Anti-interferon-gamma antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. 1266 71

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide which is widely distributed in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS), where it is co-localised with other neurotransmitters such as serotonin or dopamine and where it acts as a neuromodulator. SP has been proposed to play a role in the aetiopathology of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, emesis, psoriasis, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders including pain syndromes (e.g. migraine and fibromyalgia) and affective disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the role of SP in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. It summarises the current knowledge on measurements of SP in the CSF and serum in patients with depressive disorders or fibromyalgia, effects of SP-application in humans, SP-receptor expression in postmortem brains and the modulation of SP levels in the course of antidepressant treatment. It also discusses the promise of substance P-receptor antagonists (SPA) for the treatment of affective disorders and their proposed mechanism of action. In summary, much more research is needed to elucidate the role of SP in the pathogenesis of depression. SPA are promising as future drugs for the treatment of affective disorders, but current clinical trials have yet to be completed to draw a firm conclusion. Key words: substance P, neurokinin1-receptor, affective disorders, depression, review.
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PMID:Substance P and Substance P receptor antagonists in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders. 1269 75

An analysis of comorbidity of psychiatric and dermatological pathology in historical, epidemiological and clinical aspects is presented. Psychocutaneous disorders (delusional parasitosis, hypochondria circumscripta, obsessive-compulsive disorders with self-mutilations, pathomimia) play a central role in systematics elaborated in the present study. The authors suggest that delusional parasitosis is a subtype of paranoiac psychosis (paranoia, paranoiac schizophrenia). Psychiatric disorders triggered by dermatological pathology were specified as nosogenous reactions, depressive reactions with sociophobia, pathologic personality development (paranoiac, sensitive, hypochondriac). Atopic dermatitis, eczema, urticaria, psoriasis, herpes simplex, alopecia areata, rosacea, etc, are regarded among dermatological psychosomatic disorders with psychogenic manifestation/exacerbation.
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PMID:[Psychodermatology: current state of the problem]. 1558 Oct 30

Angiotensin-II, a product of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) action, regulates vascular tone, stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activates NFkappaB, increases oxidant stress, and suppresses nitric oxide synthesis. Thus, angiotensin-II is pro-inflammatory in nature. Hence, increase in ACE activity and the concentrations of angiotensin-II initiate and perpetuate inflammation. Since ACE is present in many tissues including: the uterus, placenta, vascular tissue, heart, brain, adrenal cortex and kidney, leukocytes, alveolar macrophages, peripheral monocytes, neuronal cells and epididymal cells, this suggests that angiotensin-II may have a role in atherosclerosis, congestive cardiac failure, stroke, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, atopic and non-atopic dermatitis, eczema, several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer, conditions in which inflammation is known to play a significant role. This suggests that ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin-II receptor blockers could be of significant benefit in the management of these conditions. Alternatively, structural analogues of presently available ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers could be developed such that they are not only useful in the treatment of hypertension and CHF but also possess anti-inflammatory actions.
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PMID:Is angiotensin-II an endogenous pro-inflammatory molecule? 1587 6

Angiotensin-II regulates vascular tone, stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activates NF-kappaB, increases oxidant stress, and suppresses nitric oxide synthesis, and thus, it functions as an inflammatory molecule. Since ACE is present in many tissues, this suggests that angiotensin-II may play a significant role in atherosclerosis, congestive cardiac failure, stroke, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, psoriasis, atopic and non-atopic dermatitis, eczema, several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer, conditions in which inflammation is an aetiopathogenic factor. Thus, ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin-II receptor blockers could be of benefit in these conditions. Furthermore, structural analogues of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-II receptor blockers could be developed that possess anti-inflammatory actions without significant action on the cardiovascular system.
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PMID:Angiotensin-II behaves as an endogenous pro-inflammatory molecule. 1612 58


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