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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We looked for the present and past history of functional disorders, especially mood disorders among 215 inpatients with diagnosis of alcohol dependence using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--Life-time Version (SADS-L). This same was determined in their first degree relatives using Family History--Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH--RDC). The incidence of mood disorders among probands was rather low--9.8% (bipolar--0.9%, recurrent depression--2.8%, minor depression--6.0%), the occurrence of other functional disorders was much more rare: 2 patients--panic disorder, 2--general anxiety disorders. Among first degree relatives only two had history of depression. The incidence of alcoholism was rather high, especially in men.
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PMID:[Depressive syndromes in patients dependent on alcohol with regard to mental disorders in the family]. 129 7

Results of numerous community surveys of psychiatric illness suggest a striking change in the occurrence of depression, with younger generations experiencing higher lifetime risk and earlier age of onset. Data from the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey (a cross-sectional survey of psychiatric morbidity in five US communities conducted between 1980 and 1984) were reexamined for evidence of methods effects which might contribute to these unexpected findings. A pattern of higher lifetime risk and earlier age of onset among recent birth cohorts was observed for every psychiatric disorder examined, with schizophrenia, major depression, and panic disorder showing equally strong trends. For respondents of all ages, reported first onset of major depression clustered in the 10-year period prior to the study interview, in contrast to the expectation that older respondents would report onset in early adulthood. Examination of individual psychiatric symptoms revealed a nearly universal pattern of decreasing lifetime prevalence among older respondents, a reversal of the expected accumulation of lifetime symptoms with age. These findings suggest that effects of study methods may contribute to the apparent temporal trends in prevalence of depression and that cross-sectional surveys may underestimate lifetime psychiatric morbidity among older respondents. Generational changes in the lifetime risk of depression or other psychiatric disorders may not be reliably assessed by cross-sectional survey data.
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PMID:Reevaluation of secular trends in depression rates. 833 21

Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a possibility to study brain function and its relationship to psychiatric disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that several psychiatric diseases are coupled with changes in brain glucose metabolism. Schizophrenia seems to involve a lower metabolism in wide areas of the brain--both cortical and subcortical structures. Depression probably involves dysfunction of the metabolism in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, anorexia nervosa and the experience of anxiety may involve increased metabolic rates. The results from the different studies do not allow quantitative comparisons or detailed analyses because of large differences in experimental and clinical methodology. The term Good Clinical PET Practice (GCPP) is suggested to encourage standardization in clinical investigations. GCPP includes standardization of both experimental factors (lumped constant, arterialization, purity of tracer, regions of interest, relative rates) and clinical factors (state of the subject, wakefulness, anxiety, gender, course of the disease) in PET performance.
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PMID:Glucose metabolism in psychiatric disorders: how can we facilitate comparisons among studies? 140 49

This paper introduces a new self-report inventory, the NIMH Panic Questionnaire (NIMH PQ), for obtaining and quantifying comprehensive information about the clinical characteristics of panic disorder in patients with previously diagnosed or suspected illness. Fifty-two patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder completed the NIMH PQ; their responses were compared with data derived from 16 similar or identical questions on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia modified for anxiety disorders. There were no significant differences between the two instruments on 15 of the 16 (93.7%) items tested. The one exception revealed a greater proportion of patients versus physicians endorsing "spontaneous" panic, and a nonsignificant trend for physicians over patients endorsing anticipatory anxiety with greater frequency. The NIMH PQ offers a potentially useful clinical and research tool in the assessment of patients with known or suspected panic disorder.
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PMID:The National Institute of Mental Health Panic Questionnaire. An instrument for assessing clinical characteristics of panic disorder. 152 5

Suicide has been associated traditionally with major depression, alcoholism, and schizophrenia and in the past several years with alcoholism and comorbid depression. More recently, however, panic disorder has been linked with suicide attempts, and the importance of severe anxiety symptoms (panic attacks, psychic anxiety, and agitation) as possible predictors of suicide risk in patients with major affective disorder has been studied. The author discusses data sets from three such studies: (1) the Clinical Studies of the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression, (2) a study on 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations in inpatients with major affective disorder, and (3) a study on inpatient suicides. The author concludes by suggesting that anxiety, which is readily treatable, may in fact be one of the most clinically important symptoms in depressive disorders.
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PMID:Suicide risk factors in depressive disorders and in panic disorder. 154 56

Obsessive compulsive disorder is now recognized as a common psychiatric disorder. The lifetime prevalence of 2% to 3% found in the United States has also been found in epidemiologic studies in several other countries with diverse cultures. This disorder has previously been underestimated due to a number of factors that include patients' reluctance to spontaneously admit to obsessions and compulsions and the omission of screening questions about obsessive compulsive disorder on routine mental status examinations. Depression and other anxiety disorders frequently co-occur with obsessive compulsive disorder, which may contribute to misdiagnosis. Patients with eating disorders, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and schizophrenia have a greater comorbid risk compared with the general population. Differential diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder includes generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, compulsive personality disorder, and hypochondriasis. While many of these syndromes are characterized by intrusive thoughts, few have associated rituals. The complex tics seen in some patients with Tourette's syndrome may be difficult to distinguish from the compulsions seen in obsessive compulsive disorder, and, in fact, there is significant overlap in symptoms between the two disorders. Currently, the impulse control disorders, such as compulsive gambling and the paraphilias, are not considered to be part of obsessive compulsive disorder. Although the phenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorder appears to be quite diverse, with many distinct kinds of obsessions and compulsions, there are three important core features: abnormal risk assessment, pathologic doubt, and incompleteness. These features cut across phenomenological subtypes and may be useful in defining homogeneous subgroups with distinct treatment outcomes.
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PMID:The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder. 156 54

Relationships between alcoholism and anxiety disorder are well known by clinicians. Studies have recently shown that the prevalence of alcohol abuse or dependence is very high in patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (Thyer et al., 1986; Bibb and Chambless, 1986). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of alcohol abuse and dependence in a population of panic outpatients who were consecutive referrals for treatment of panic disorder (PD) in an anxiety clinic. Patients were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version Modified for the study of anxiety disorders (SADS-LA) which is a standardized and semi-structured interview allowing to make diagnoses according to RDC, DSM III and DSM III-R criteria. One hundred and three panic patients (39 males and 64 females) were included in the study. Their mean age was 38.5 years (SD: 11.6). In this sample, 24.3% met the DSM III-R criteria for alcohol abuse and 8.7% those for alcohol dependence. Among these patients, 26.2%, abused of benzodiazepines and 16.5% of them of other substances. We found a high comorbidity rate. In fact, 6.8% of the patients met diagnostic criteria for PD alone, 31.0% for one more diagnosis, 29.1% for two more and 33.0% for three or more besides PD. In this study, we found an association between alcohol abuse and the presence of a lifetime diagnosis of major depressive episode and/or other addictive behaviors. Otherwise, alcohol abuse did not occur more often in patients suffering from panic disorder associated with agoraphobia and/or social phobia.
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PMID:[Panic disorder and alcoholism]. 180 60

The interrater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) was studied. Fifty-four audiotaped SCID interviews were rated independently by 3 raters. The highest interrater agreements were observed for schizophrenia (0.94), major depressive disorder (0.93), dysthymia (0.88), generalized anxiety disorder (0.95), panic disorder (0.88), alcohol use disorder (0.96) and other psychoactive substance use disorder (0.85). The remaining diagnoses of mood and anxiety disorders obtained acceptable interrater agreement (0.70-0.80), with an exception for obsessive-compulsive disorder (0.40). The poorest agreement was obtained for somatoform disorders ( -0.03). Lack of hierarchy in DSM-III-R allows for multiple Axis I diagnoses. Interrater reliability for multiple diagnoses was tested. Agreement was generally good for combinations of 2 diagnoses, and poorer when 3 diagnoses were combined. Our findings confirm that SCID yields highly reliable diagnoses. SCID is recommended for research on mental disorders.
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PMID:High interrater reliability for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Axis I (SCID-I). 195 Jun 12

Most evaluations of the contributions of possible alterations in serotonergic neurotransmission to the etiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders preceded the recent explosion of information regarding multiple serotonin (5-HT) receptors and brain 5-HT subsystems. This review provides an appraisal of some examples where drugs acting at different 5-HT receptor subtypes have provided new treatment or have contributed to the development of knowledge regarding various neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, schizophrenia, alcoholism, migraine, sexual dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric disorders and the multiple human brain serotonin receptor subtypes and subsystems. 207 79

Preliminary studies have shown that polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activity is decreased in a state-dependent manner in patients with endogenous depression. The present study investigates this finding in a larger group of psychiatric patients and attempts to determine the identification of the factor responsible for the abnormal neutrophil function. Chemiluminescence responses of PMNs from patients with diagnoses of endogenous depression, panic disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia and alcoholism were assessed concurrently with age- and sex-matched control subjects. The reduction in PMN activity was observed in panic disorder patients as well as during depression but remained normal in schizophrenia, alcoholism and generalised anxiety. The defect in PMN function appears to be related to an abnormal factor in the serum of the patient which is corrected on clinical recovery. Aspirin-inhibited prostaglandin synthesis resulted in an enhancement of PMN activity in healthy subjects, suggesting a possible role for prostaglandins in the abnormal PMN response.
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PMID:Abnormal zymosan-induced neutrophil chemiluminescence as a marker of depression. 214 3


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