Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The antipsychotic drugs have provided effective and relatively safe treatment of schizophrenia, paranoid illnesses, and manic-depressive conditions marked by psychotic features. These agents are sometimes called "neuroleptic," as virtually all produce signs of extrapyramidal neurologic disorders in addition to their antipsychotic actions; in part, evidently, the neuroleptic effects are an artifact of the means of screening of potential new agents. These agents have a strong and selective antagonistic action on synaptic mechanisms in the brain mediated by dopamine as a neurotransmitter. This antidopamine action almost certainly contributes importantly to their parkinsonism effect (basal ganglia) and their prolactin-elevating (hypothalamic) effect; in addition, antipsychotic actions may be mediated by antidopamine effects, possibly in limbic and other forebrain centers.
 ...
PMID:The "neuroleptic" antipsychotic drugs. 1. Mechanisms of action. 3 41

Cerebral embolism can manifest itself in certain cases as pure psychosis. In the absence of neurological symptoms it might be mistaken for schizophrenia or manic-depressive psychosis. Cardiac disease and cardiac surgery involve a high risk of embolism. Microembolism plays a special role with extracorporal circulation. There is a significant increase of postoperative psychosis in cases with E.C.C. in comparison to closed heart surgery. Immediately post-operatively there occurs what has been described as the "catastrophic reaction" or "immobilization syndrome". This reaction is in fact an akinetic, parkinsonian-like state for which there is good evidence that it is due to transient microembolism of the basal ganglia ("striatum apoplexy"). After its disappearance around the 3rd--5th day "cardiac psychoses" (cardiac delirium) may manifest themselves. Patients who develop these "late" psychoses have a significantly higher correlation with endogenous psychoses in their family histories. On the psychopathological level--in the absence of disturbances of consciousness and orientation--it is not possible to differentiate between "exogenous" and "endogenous" psychosis. A special type of psychopathological reaction is dependent, as in neurological disease, on the severity of brain damage, its localization and on hereditary factors.
 ...
PMID:[Cerebral embolism and psychosis with special reference to cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. 6 Dec 57

A virus-like agent (V.L.A.) with a cytopathic effect on cultured cells was found in the cerebrospinal fluid of 18 of 47 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 10 had nuclear schizophrenic symptoms. In most patients with V.L.A., blood and C.S.F. protein concentrations were normal. Patients with and without V.L.A. had similar clinical characteristics but serum IgA levels were higher in those with V.L.A. V.L.A. was also detected in the C.S.F. of 8 of 11 patients with serious or chronic neurological disease (Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, and unexplained alterations of consciousness).
 ...
PMID:Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia or neurological disorder and virus-like agent in cerebrospinal fluid. 8 92

Comparison of the properties of blood platelets and serotonergic synaptosomes suggests that the human platelet can serve as an appropriate model for the transport, metabolism, and release of serotonin (5-HT) by CNS serotonergic neurons. The study of blood 5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT pharmacodynamics in patients with a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders has generated interesting leads into possible abnormalities of CNS 5-HT neurons in these patients. This article reviews the experimental evidence, which uses the human platelet model to investigate neurotransmitter-related abnormalities in Down syndrome, mental retardation, infantile autism, hyperactivity syndromes (minimal brain dysfunction), schizophrenia, affective disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Huntington chorea, and migraine headaches.
 ...
PMID:The human platelet. A diagnostic and research tool for the study of biogenic amines in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. 14 Jun 32

Several researchers have investigated the relationships between computed tomographic and electroencephalographic abnormalities in schizophrenics. In this present investigation, 28 medicated schizophrenic patients fulfilling the DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia and 21 normal volunteers were studied by means of MRI and EEG examinations. All subjects had given informed consent to the investigation. The schizophrenic patients (14 males, 14 females) were aged from 21 to 39 with a mean age of 30.2. The control group consisted of age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (11 males, 11 females) with no history of neurological disease or head trauma. All the subjects were right-handed as determined by the Edinburgh Inventory. Schizophrenic and control subjects underwent MRI scan and EEG within two weeks. Three trained psychiatrists evaluated patients for BPRS and SANS and the score each item was the median of the three raters. MRI scans were performed by a Asahi Super 200 scanner operating at a 2.0 Tesla magnetic field. A midsagittal scan (8 mm thickness, Spin Echo 500/26) was taken. Subsequently, 15 axial and coronal slices of 5 mm interslice with 2 mm gap were obtained using an Inversion-Recovery sequence (TR: 3000, TI: 800, TE: 14). For measurement purposes, the three MRI scans (Fig-1) were recorded on transparent film, and the boundaries of the cerebral structures were taken traced from the film onto a digitizing tablet. The EEGs were recorded from 16 scalp electrodes of the standard 10/20 system referenced to linked ear electrodes at rest and digitized by a topographic system (Neuromap system MCE-5100, QCE-510B, Nihon Kohden). To calculate EEG power, the frequency spectrum was divided into six EEG frequency bands by 0.25 Hz bands. Each power value was taken from the average percentage of total power and then log-transformed. Schizophrenic patients showed a significantly larger VBR on the axial and coronal planes than control subjects. The areas of the bilateral anterior horns, left body, left posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle were significantly larger in schizophrenic patients than in control subjects. The area of middle half of the corpus callosum in schizophrenic patients was smaller than in control subjects. Schizophrenic patients showed more delta and theta activities in the centro-parieto-occipital regions than control subjects. Schizophrenic patients also showed more beta 1 and beta 2 activities in front-central regions than control subjects. On the other hand, schizophrenic patients showed a markedly decrease in alpha 2 activity in all regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Studies of the correlations between morphological brain changes on MRI and computerized EEG changes in schizophrenics]. 152 74

Delusions are often prominent symptoms in schizophrenia and other psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Despite the central descriptive importance of delusions, there is a paucity of comprehensive reviews, theoretical formulations, and empirical evaluations in this area. Research and theoretical work pertinent to delusions are reviewed with particular emphasis on current findings in the neurobiological, cognitive, and information-processing literature. Research on delusional thought seen in various psychiatric disorders is reviewed and integrated with critical aspects of schizophrenia research. Consideration of three factors may help in understanding delusional thought processes. These factors are state-trait variables, perseverative thought, and cognitive functional integrity.
 ...
PMID:Delusions: a review and integration. 180 54

Thirty years ago, dopamine was identified as an essential neurotransmittor. Since then, it has been the most written about CNS molecule. Considerable evidence implicates disturbances of brain dopamine function in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric and neurologic disorders, especially schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. In the last decade, there have been important advances in the understanding of the diversity of CNS dopamine neurons and the chemical basis of this diversity, which relies upon molecular physiology of D1 and D2 receptors. Heterogeneity is remarkable at different levels, anatomical, biochemical, morphological or functional; besides, region specific interactions with other neurotransmittors and sometimes colocalisation of dopamine with cholecystokinin and/or neurotensin suggest the integration of dopamine neurons in functional subunits.
 ...
PMID:[The mesencephalic dopaminergic system. Implications for neuroleptic treatment]. 197 42

The diagnosis of "autism" has been used to encompass a heterogeneous group of children who may differ in etiology, clinical manifestations, prognosis, and needed treatment. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive evaluation, using strict diagnostic criteria, of 33 children comprising the entire population of a self-contained unit for "autistic" children in the public school system of Hillsborough County, Florida. Only five of the children fit the criteria for early infantile autism. Six were diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, two as atypical developmental disorders. Twelve of the 33 showed evidence of neurological or recognized genetic abnormality, five had specific developmental language disorders, and three were severely retarded, cause unknown. Of the 12 children with evidence of neurological disease, five had chromosome abnormalities evident on cytogenetic study, two had high serum Cux++, one had histidinemia, one had maternal rubella, and three had dyskinesis of unknown origin. The heterogeneous nature of this group underlines the need for comprehensive evaluation of the autistic syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Children with autistic behavior in a self-contained unit in the public schools. 242 17

In experiments designed to investigate transmission, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with schizophrenia or neurological disease (Huntington's disease) which had been found to induce a cytopathic effect (CPE) in human embryonic fibroblast cell culture was injected intracerebrally into common marmosets. Behavioural observations were made on the animals during a period of 2 1/2 years prior to injection and for 2 1/2 years after injection. In an earlier study (Baker et al. 1983 b) we found that animals injected with CPE + ve CSF became progressively more inactive when compared with those injected with non-cytopathic (CPE -ve) CSF from control patients. In the present study we were unable to replicate this finding. No difference in behaviour emerged between animals injected with control CSF and animals injected with CSF from schizophrenics or patients with neurological disease, nor between animals injected with CPE + ve CSF and animals injected with CPE -ve CSF. The numbers of offspring produced and surviving did not differ between the groups. We conclude that the original findings were due to factors unconnected with the nature of the injected material.
 ...
PMID:A re-investigation of the behavioural effects of intracerebral injection in marmosets of cytopathic cerebrospinal fluid from patients with schizophrenia or neurological disease. 250 49

The (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) technique to measure local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRglu) is well accepted and widely used by many institutions around the world. A large number of studies has been carried out in normal volunteers and patients with a variety of CNS disorders. Several investigators have noted that no significant age-related changes in cerebral glucose use occur with normal aging. Some important and interesting findings have been revealed following sensory, motor, visual, and auditory stimulations. Functional imaging with FDG in certain neurologic disorders has dramatically improved our understanding of their underlying pathophysiologic phenomena. Some abnormalities detected on the positron emission tomography (PET) images have no corresponding changes on either x-ray computed tomograms (XCT) or magnetic resonance images (MRI). In patients with Alzheimer's disease, primary sensorimotor, visual, and cerebellar metabolic activity appears relatively preserved. In contrast, parietal, temporal, and to some degree, frontal glucose metabolism is significantly diminished even in the early stages of the disease. Patients with Huntington's disease and those at risk of developing this disorder have a typical pattern of diminished CMRglu in the caudate nuclei and putamen. In patients with stroke, PET images with FDG have demonstrated abnormal findings earlier than either XCT or MRI and with a wider topographic distribution. FDG scans have revealed interictal zones of decreased LCMRglu in approximately 70% of patients with partial epilepsy. The location of the area of hypometabolism corresponds to the site of the epileptic focus as determined by electroencephalography and microscopic examination of the resected tissue. Ictal scans during partial seizures demonstrate areas of hypermetabolism corresponding to the sites of seizure onset and spread. Several investigators have reported relative hypofrontal CMRglu in patients with schizophrenia. In our center, FDG scans from patients with schizophrenia were successfully differentiated from those obtained in normal controls. Finally, our preliminary data (using PET, XCT, and MRI) in patients with CNS disorders indicate that MRI provides excellent delineation of the structural abnormalities. It may prove to be superior to XCT in the evaluation of certain diseases such as cerebral ischemia and infarcts, head injury, tumors, and white matter lesions. Metabolic imaging with FDG provides functional information not obtainable with either MRI or NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, PET studies will play a complementary role to the anatomic imaging in the management of patients with CNS disorders.
 ...
PMID:Positron emission tomography imaging of regional cerebral glucose metabolism. 293 38


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>