Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Brain tumors may present with psychotic symptoms that resemble schizophrenia. Although psychosis secondary to brain tumor is relatively rare, the frequent lack of neurological findings can lead to misdiagnosis. Psychosis secondary to brain tumor is more common and also harder to accurately diagnose in the elderly. Key aspects of the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment are reviewed. The case of a 26-year old woman with psychosis secondary to a meningioma of the right lateral ventricle with extension into the corpus callosum and periventricular white matter is presented. Symptoms completely resolved after surgical excision of the tumor and remain in remission at 2(1/2) year follow-up on no medications. The clinician should maintain a high degree of vigilance for clinical features suggestive of this potentially reversible cause of psychosis.
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PMID:Psychosis Secondary to Brain Tumor. 1008 87

Dopamine is a biogenic amine synthesized in the hypothalamus, in the arcuate nucleus, the caudad, and various areas of the central and peripheral nervous system. It has been widely established that dopamine and its agonists play an important role in cardiovascular, renal, hormonal, and central nervous system regulation through stimulation of alpha and beta adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. There are several agonists of dopamine-2 (DA 2 ) dopaminergic receptors, such as bromocriptine, pergolide, lisuride, quinpirole, and carmoxirole, which inhibit norepinephrine release and produce a decrease in arterial blood pressure; in some cases, bromocriptine and pergolide also reduce heart rate. From a therapeutic point of view, the above-mentioned agonists are used for treating Parkinson's disease, acting over DA 2 dopaminergic receptors of the nigrostriatal system. Bromocriptine and the other dopaminergic agonists mentioned act over DA 2 receptors of the tuberoinfundibular system, inhibiting prolactin release and decreasing hyperprolactinemia and tumor size. Among DA 1 receptor agonists, we can mention fenoldopam, piribedil, ibopamine, SKF 3893, and apomorphine (nonspecific). Activation of these receptors decreases peripheral resistance, inducing lowering of arterial blood pressure and increases in heart rate, sympathetic tone, and activity of the renin aldosterone system. Among DA 2 receptor antagonists, we can mention metoclopramide, domperidone, sulpiride, and haloperidol. From a therapeutic point of view, metoclopramide and domperidone are used in gastric motility disorders, and haloperidol is used in psychotic alterations. Antagonists of DA 1 receptors are SCH23390 and clozapine. Clozapine is used for treating schizophrenia.
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PMID:Dopamine: pharmacologic and therapeutic aspects. 1009 36

Although solitary fibrous tumors are well-recognized in the pleura, their occurrence in the paranasal sinuses is decidedly uncommon. We have encountered two cases of solitary fibrous tumors in the paranasal sinuses and report the clinicopathological findings including CD34 immunoreactivity. One tumor arose in a 55-year-old Japanese businessman and the other in a 53-year-old man who had been in the hospital for schizophrenia for 20 years. The tumors showed characteristic findings. Immunoperoxidase stains on paraffin sections showed staining of the cells for anti-vimentin, but there was no staining for anti-keratin, anti-S-100 protein, anti-desmin, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or anti-actin. Anti-CD34 monoclonal antibodies also reacted with these tumors, as those of the pleura generally do, and were found to be useful in diagnosing these tumors. CD34 immunoreactivity [8]. Fukunaga et al. [6] reported that CD34 immunoreactivity presented in a solitary fibrous tumor of the nasal cavity, but separate tumors of the paranasal sinuses have not been analyzed. We have recently encountered two cases of solitary fibrous tumors of the paranasal sinuses. In this report, the clinicopathological features of these tumors of and their CD34 immunoreactivity were analyzed.
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PMID:Solitary fibrous tumor of the paranasal sinuses. 1039 97

A case of breast cancer with choriocarcinomatous features (BCCF) is reported. The patient was a 38-year-old Japanese female with a long history of schizophrenia. Her nursing staff noticed a palpable mass in her right breast, which showed rapid growth. Following cytopathologic confirmation of a malignant breast tumor, she underwent mastectomy with ipsilateral axillary lymph node dissection. Histologic examination revealed BCCF, which was positive for placental alkaline phosphatase and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by immunohistochemistry. The serum HCG level was high. She died 7 months postoperatively, with multiple metastases of BCCF to the chest wall, lung and liver.
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PMID:Breast cancer with choriocarcinomatous features: A case report with cytopathologic details. 1050 54

Visual perceptual abnormalities may be caused by diverse etiologies which span the fields of psychiatry and neurology. This article reviews the differential diagnosis of visual perceptual abnormalities from both a neurological and a psychiatric perspective. Psychiatric etiologies include mania, depression, substance dependence, and schizophrenia. Common neurological causes include migraine, epilepsy, delirium, dementia, tumor, and stroke. The phenomena of palinopsia, oscillopsia, dysmetropsia, and polyopia among others are also reviewed. A systematic approach to the many causes of illusions and hallucinations may help to achieve an accurate diagnosis, and a more focused evaluation and treatment plan for patients who develop visual perceptual abnormalities. This article provides the practicing neurologist with a practical understanding and approach to patients with these clinical symptoms.
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PMID:Visual perceptual abnormalities: hallucinations and illusions. 1087 81

Two new genes were cloned from region 6q21 and characterized. One gene, C6orf4-6, expresses three mRNA isoforms diverging at the 5' and 3' ends, and encodes two protein isoforms that differ by nine amino acids at their amino terminus. The second gene, C6UAS, is transcribed in the antisense orientation from the complementary strand of C6orf4-6. C6UAS overlaps the second exon of C6orf4, where the start codon of protein isoform 1 is located. C6UAS has no apparent ORF and most likely represents a structural RNA gene that is transcribed but not translated. This feature and the antisense polarity of transcription suggest that C6UAS could play a regulatory role on the expression of C6orf4, as indicated by a significant decrease of endogenous C6orf4 expression after transfection of C6UAS cDNA in human fibroblasts. Neither C6UAS nor C6orf4-6 genes show any homology with known human genes. The two genes were cloned from a subregion at 6q21 containing a replicative senescence gene, a tumor suppressor gene and a gene involved in hereditary schizophrenia. In addition, the common fragile site FRA6F was mapped in the same region. Cloning and characterization of C6orf4-6 and C6UAS may help to clarify the structure and the functional role of this important region.
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PMID:Cloning and characterization of two overlapping genes in a subregion at 6q21 involved in replicative senescence and schizophrenia. 1090 53

Mammary hamartomas were reported in 0.7% of all benign tumors of the female breast. Histologically breast hamartomas contain lobular breast tissue with various degrees of fibrous, fibrocystic, and adipose tissue. Rare types include muscular (myoid) and cartilage (chondroid) hamartomas. We report a case of muscular hamartoma in a man. A 36-year-old man was admitted to the psychiatric unit with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The patient complained of a slowly growing mass in his left breast. He denied any discharge from the nipple, but he complained of itching. A 2 cm x 3 cm nontender mass was palpable. There was no evidence of axillary lymphadenopathy. A needle aspiration was nondiagnostic. The excisional biopsy specimen revealed fatty tissue which was edematous and hemorrhagic. Microscopically it showed multiple bundles of muscles organized randomly. Myoid hamartoma was the diagnosis. Mammary hamartoma is considered a female tumor exclusively. Myoid hamartoma has been reported previously in 25 women. We report a myoid hamartoma in a man and, to our knowledge, it is the first and only such case to be reported.
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PMID:Hamartoma of the breast in a man: first case report. 1167 6

A case of extracerebellar lipomatous primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) areas is reported. A 44-year-old woman who had been on antipsychotic agents for schizophrenia complained of hemiparesis and drowsiness. She deteriorated progressively and died 3 months later. The autopsy revealed a huge, ill-defined tumor located from right basal ganglia to brain stem. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of three distinct components: clusters of small primitive cells consistent with PNET, mature lipoma-like islands, and a GBM-like component. Neuronal differentiation in PNET areas was confirmed by the presence of Homer Wright rosette, synaptophysin-positive fibrillary background, and ultrastructural demonstration of neuritic processes. Lipoma-like areas composed of lipidized cells containing large lipid droplets were intimately intermingled and closely related with PNET areas. Furthermore, GBM areas were, although predominantly located in the brain stem, often blended with the previous two components. This component was characterized by glial fibrillary acid protein immunoreactivity of atypical tumor cells and the presence of necrosis and endothelial proliferation. PNET areas with lipomatous differentiation in the present tumor may suggest the morphological and histogenetic similarity to liponeurocytoma, although the neuronal element in the former was anaplastic. The association with a GBM component makes the present tumor a unique, and, to our knowledge, previously unrecognized lesion.
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PMID:Lipomatous primitive neuroectodermal tumor with a glioblastoma component: a case report. 1181 Jan 87

The p53 tumor-suppressor gene, encoding a phosphoprotein, is a key element in maintaining genomic stability and cell apoptosis. It is also implicated in nervous-system development. In order to examine the role of the p53 gene for the pathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders, patients (n=155) and control subjects (n=168) were genotyped for the p53-Pro72Arg polymorphism. The results demonstrated no association with schizophrenia and/or age of onset for this polymorphism.
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PMID:Association study of the p53-gene Pro72Arg polymorphism in schizophrenia. 1181 47

Estradiol is a pleiotropic hormone, involved in the etiology of a wide variety of diseases. Over the last decade individual genetic variability of the estradiol metabolism has been described as a significant contributor to disease susceptibility with variations depending on ethnic background. Among others, genetic variations of genes encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in this regard. Mutant alleles of the CYP 1A1 gene are major modulators of lung cancer risk among smokers, mediate gender differences in lung cancer susceptibility, and have been associated with an elevated risk for breast, prostate, colorectal, and oral squamous cell cancer. Variants of the CYP 1B1 gene modulate the risk for prostate, ovarian, lung, and breast cancer. Also, mutations in the CYP 1B1 gene are the major genetic determinant of congenital glaucoma. Mutant CYP 17 alleles are associated with serum and plasma levels of steroid hormones, use of hormone replacement therapy, and endometrial, prostate, and breast cancer. Available data indicate that the protective effect of a later age at menarche is limited to mutant CYP 17 allele carriers. Among women with the Polycystic Ovary (PCO) syndrome, mutant CYP 17 alleles are sufficient to aggravate the clinical presentation of the disease. Molecular variants of the CYP 19 gene are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer, advanced disease stage, and tumor aromatase production. Carriage of a mutant catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) allele is associated with breast cancer, neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and modulates behavior among patients with schizophrenia, alcoholics and the general population. In summary, the available evidence points to estrogen metabolising genes as strong hereditary determinants of the susceptibility to benign and malignant conditions.
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PMID:Genetic modeling of estrogen metabolism as a risk factor of hormone-dependent disorders. 1195 95


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