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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The author analyses experience gained with the use of the pyrogenic drugs sulfazin and pyrogenal in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Pyrogenal and sulfazin were administered to 26 patients with different forms of schizophrenia to overcome psychopharmacotherapeutic resistance and to 11 patients to enhance the sensitivity to insulin during insulin coma therapy. Based on the clinical analysis the author demonstrates the efficacy of the use of the pyrogenic drugs, particularly pyrogenal, in schizophrenic patients in order to overcome the resistance to pharmacotherapy and insulin.
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PMID:[The place of pyrogen therapy in the modern treatment of schizophrenia patients]. 133 38

The title method was applied to the treatment of schizophrenic patients suffering from schizoaffective, paranoid and hallucinatory paranoid attacks. Definite correlations were established between the development of insulin coma and the type of the reverse development of psychosis. Five variants of schizophrenia reduction due to the treatment method under consideration were distinguished and described: variant 1--harmonic critical, variant 2--harmonic lytic, variant 3--disharmonious deliric, variant 4--disharmonious affective, and variant 5--incomplete reduction. The established correlations between variants of the development of insulin coma and the type of psychosis reduction enable one to predict whether the use of forced insulin coma therapy will be desirable and effective.
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PMID:[Forced insulin coma therapy and its efficacy]. 166 33

The clinico-epidemiological method was used to examine the patients' population suffering from attack-like schizophrenia with a disease standing of 25 and more years. There were altogether 245 persons. Depressive attacks of the endogenous type were revealed in 1/3 of the patients, amounting to 153 attacks in total. Of these, 76.5% occurred at the disease onset, namely from the first to the fifth attack. A comparative all-round study was made of the efficacy of neuroleptics, antidepressants and combined therapy of neuroleptics and antidepressants, insulin coma ++ therapy and symptomatic remedies bearing in mind such criteria as the rate of attack removal, remission duration and quality, the character of the maintenance therapy. It has been established that the use of psychopharmacotherapy removes a depressive attack of the endogenous type more swiftly but long and stable remissions are only ensured by antidepressants.
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PMID:[Comparative effectiveness of various methods of the treatment of patients with attack-like schizophrenia with depressive episodes]. 197 62

For nearly 20 years, from the mid-1930s until the mid-1950s, early cases of schizophrenia were treated, and surprisingly successfully treated, by deep insulin coma therapy. This paper is an attempt to explore what, if any, lessons there are to be gained for us 30 years later from a treatment regime that turned out to have nothing to do with insulin per se. Such lessons as there may be from our recent historical past may help us to foster our critical acumen and commonsense as we try in our daily practice to understand how we can best help our patients in safety.
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PMID:Lessons from the insulin story in psychiatry. 332 25

The efficacy of intensive insulin coma therapy (IICT) and individually adjusted psychopharmacotherapy (IAT) was studied in schizophrenics in a month after the treatment initiation. Comparison of the efficacy of these 2 methods showed that the insulin treatment led to a sharper differentiation between patients with favourable and unfavourable therapeutic effect. The duration of schizophrenia did not affect the results of IICT. This method was more effective in schizoaffective syndromes in the framework of periodic schizophrenia, as well as in paroxysmal schizophrenia when it closely resembled the former. IICT was poorly effective in neurosis-like and hallucination-paranoid syndromes in the framework of the continuous course of schizophrenia. The rate of disappearance of psychotic symptomatology in the insulin therapy correlated with the degree of the course therapeutic effect.
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PMID:[The place of insulin coma therapy among the current methods of treating patients with paroxysmal schizophrenia]. 373 89

Haloperidol-induced increases in the number of dopamine receptors, as measured by [3H]spiperone binding to striatal membranes, do not occur in rats repeatedly treated with insulin in doses eliciting pronounced hypoglycemia. Given alone, however, insulin has no effect on [3H]spiperone binding in normal rats. These findings demonstrate a modulating effect of insulin on brain dopamine receptor sensitization. This effect might be relevant to the mechanism of insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia and is consistent with and supports the dopaminergic hypothesis of this disorder.
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PMID:Modulation of dopamine receptor supersensitivity by chronic insulin: implication in schizophrenia. 389 77

A 48 year old patient was hospitalised because of parasuicidal behaviour and suicidal ideation. He was under suspicion of having sexually abused his 4-year old daughter and his 4-year old son. At the age of 17, he was hospitalised in a psychiatric ward under the diagnosis of hebephrenic schizophrenia. He successfully received an insulin coma therapy. Because of his increased height (1.89 m), mental retardation and other psychical disorders in his youth, we now suspected him of having an extra Y chromosome which was confirmed by chromosome analysis. The non-uniform symptomatology of XYY-individuals includes a hebephrenic aspect. Concerning the different therapeutical and juridical consequences, we considered a critical investigation of the former diagnosis "Hebephrenic Schizophrenia".
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PMID:[Hebephrenic symptoms as an expression of an XYY chromosome abnormality? Case report of a patient with suspected sexual abuse of his own 2 minor children]. 763 85

Prior to 1800, insane persons often lived on the streets or were incarcerated in asylums, jails, or prisons. The 19th century witnessed progression in the understanding of psychosis, and the hospital management of psychotic patients began. While Kraepelin in Europe described the symptoms of what would later be called schizophrenia, Meyer developed humanistic treatment for the illness in the United States. The early 20th century treatments for schizophrenia included insulin coma, metrazol shock, electro-convulsive therapy, and frontal leukotomy. Neuroleptic medications were first used in the early 1950s. Deinstitutionalization, beginning in the 1960s, resulted in medicated, stable schizophrenics being released from state hospitals. However, lack of stable living arrangements, misuse of funds, poor medical follow-up, and drug use resulted in deterioration of a large segment of this outpatient schizophrenic population. The 1990s have seen the development of newer, more effective antipsychotic agents and managed care. Both have impacted the state of health of schizophrenics in our society.
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PMID:Schizophrenia: Emil Kraepelin, Adolph Meyer, and beyond. 874 31

Most historians of psychiatry regard insulin coma therapy (ICT) either as an embarrassing stumble on the path to modern biological psychiatry or as one member of a long line of somatic therapies used to treat mental illness in the mid-twentieth century. This article explores the ICT era, roughly 1933-60, as a key moment in the development of American psychiatry. Developed only ten years after insulin had been embraced as a "miracle drug" for the treatment of diabetes, ICT was perceived by psychiatrists as a means of bringing their field closer to mainstream medicine, particularly to neurology. In addition, the story of ICT reveals how a treatment never quite proven on paper was unquestionably efficacious in the local world in which it was performed. An institutionally-based treatment, ICT was administered in a specific area of the mental hospital deemed the insulin unit, a room with its own staff, practices, and attitudes toward mental illness. There, psychiatrists often experienced wondrous recoveries of individual, formerly intractable patients. These intense personal experiences allowed psychiatrists to feel truly efficacious, enabling them to reinvent themselves as medical doctors rather than behavioral and disciplinary supervisors. The confidence they derived from this capacity, along with the operating room-like setting of the insulin unit, the unit's specialized staffing and group bond, and the availability of both risk-assessment tests and a medley of treatments that countered side effects and complications, allowed ICT to be understood as an efficacious treatment for schizophrenia within the local world in which it was administered.
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PMID:Performing a cure for schizophrenia: insulin coma therapy on the wards. 1710 48

In the annals of psychiatric treatment, the advent of Cardiazol therapy has been afforded merely passing mention as a stepping-stone to the development of electroconvulsive therapy. Yet in the 1930s it was the most widely used of the major somatic treatment innovations in Britain's public mental hospitals, where its relative simplicity and safety gave it preference over the elaborate and hazardous insulin coma procedure. Devised on a dubious hypothesis of biological antagonism, Cardiazol armed psychiatry with an immediately effective weapon in the battle against schizophrenia, an enduring and debilitating condition responsible for over half of the mental hospital population. What made Cardiazol work - or appear to work? This account shows how evaluation of convulsive therapy was skewed by naive outcome measurement and diagnostic discrepancies, and how its therapeutic indication evolved from schizophrenia to affective disorders. Psychological mechanisms are considered, with the suggestion that the intense fear experienced during treatment--the major reason for abandoning Cardiazol in favour of electroshock--was therapeutically advantageous.
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PMID:'A violent thunderstorm': Cardiazol treatment in British mental hospitals. 1715 75


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