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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We examined the relationship between the dates of births of schizophrenic patients admitted to hospitals for the first time in England and Wales between 1970 and 1979, and the occurrence of influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. Our results indicate that exposure to influenza epidemics between the third and seventh month of gestation is associated with schizophrenia in adult life. The hypothesis that maternal viral infection is an important cause of schizophrenia can explain many aspects of the enigmatic epidemiology of the condition.
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PMID:Schizophrenia following pre-natal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. 163 14

A distinctive feature of these workshops, in addition to those noted in the introductory overview, is the selection of a relatively isolated location for a 1-week period. This, together with a rich and varied program and an ethos of informality, encourages participants to discuss not only the work presented but also their unpublished work and their intuitions based on preliminary data and analyses. Such an interchange is of inestimable value to the schizophrenia research community. In scientific terms, a panel of concluding discussants (Drs Kendell, Torrey, and Waddington) were in some measure of agreement that genetics, particularly molecular genetics, appears to be experiencing a period of retrenchment, while epidemiology is experiencing something of a renaissance. Maternal influenza was a prominent theme, although the data were far from consistent. It was argued by Dr Wessely that risk for schizophrenia putatively attributable to maternal influenza might be 5% to 10% of all cases, indicating a modest effect. Eclectically, Dr Kendell believed the effect to be "real" but slight and fragile, it being sought against large aggregates that almost inevitably result in differing findings from differing countries or from different data bases within a given country. Gender differences were also among the more prominent themes, not just in an epidemiologic context but also in a variety of other studies. This points anew to disturbances in schizophrenia of factors that regulate, or are intimately associated with, sexual dimorphism in brain development. Abnormalities in cerebral asymmetry continue to pervade a variety of research findings and point further to neurodevelopmental anomalies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Schizophrenia, genetic retrenchment, and epidemiologic renaissance. The Sixth Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Badgastein, Austria, January 26-February 1, 1992. 136 Feb 1

Claims have been made that maternal infection with influenza during pregnancy is a cause of schizophrenia in the child. These assertions are based upon some apparently significant associations between the timing of influenza epidemics in the general population and birth rates of people who later suffered from schizophrenia. Such associations have not been present in studies of the 1919 and 1957 epidemics, with sample sizes larger than those on which the claims were made. More decisively, in an investigation of the subsequent psychiatric admissions of people born a few months after the 1957 epidemic, it was found that the children of 945 mothers who actually suffered from influenza during the second trimester of pregnancy were at no greater risk of developing schizophrenia than children of mothers who were not infected. In contrast to the predictions of the influenza hypothesis of 26.5 extra cases by broad diagnostic criteria and 15.8 cases by narrow criteria, the numbers observed in children of mothers exposed to influenza in the second trimester were 3 and 1 cases respectively, close to the expected rate. It is concluded that prenatal influenza and schizophrenia are unrelated.
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PMID:Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. 139 9

"The birth dates of schizophrenic inpatients in eight health regions in England and Wales were reviewed for any effect of the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. 5 months after the peak infection prevalence, the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia was 88% higher than the average number of such births in the corresponding periods of the 2 previous and the next 2 years. This finding is in accordance with a study from Helsinki and with clinical and neuropathological evidence of aberrant fetal brain development in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia."
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PMID:Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. 139 10

Repeated studies suggest a relationship between winter birth and increased incidence of schizophrenia. Furthermore, there may be seasonal fluctuations in schizophrenia risk factors (e.g., influenza epidemics) and the severity of biological anomalies (e.g., enlarged cerebral ventricles in neuroimaging studies). In order to assess whether winter-born schizophrenics show greater neuropsychological impairment, 112 males meeting Research Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia were administered the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, a thorough measure of higher cortical functioning deficit. Sixty-four of these 112 patients were also administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, the Benton Visual Retention Test, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Despite the use of several definitions of winter and nonwinter birth, there was no evidence of elevated rates of neuropsychological dysfunction among winter-born patients on any measure. The current study contains certain limitations (e.g., variable medication status at testing), but the results suggest no strong season of birth relationship with neuropsychological impairment in a reasonably large, research-diagnosed sample of schizophrenic patients.
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PMID:Season of birth and neuropsychological impairment in schizophrenia. 140 43

Recent neuroimaging and neuropathological studies suggest a developmental origin for schizophrenia. Some cases may, therefore, be caused by a genetic defect in the specification of brain development. Early environmental hazards such as obstetric complications, and maternal exposure during pregnancy to influenza epidemics, have also been found to increase the risk of later schizophrenia. The relationship between the prevalence of influenza and birth date has been found more consistently for female than male schizophrenics. Female schizophrenia is also associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia in first degree relatives. This raises the question of whether part of the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may comprise an abnormal reaction to maternal influenza.
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PMID:Genes, viruses and neurodevelopmental schizophrenia. 149 49

The birth dates of schizophrenic inpatients in eight health regions in England and Wales were reviewed for any effect of the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. 5 months after the peak infection prevalence, the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia was 88% higher than the average number of such births in the corresponding periods of the 2 previous and the next 2 years. This finding is in accordance with a study from Helsinki and with clinical and neuropathological evidence of aberrant fetal brain development in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. 167 43

We attempted to replicate earlier findings of an association between exposure to influenza in the second trimester of gestation and adult schizophrenia. The number of live births, of births of future schizophrenics, and of cases of influenza reported to the Ministry of Health in Denmark was ascertained by month from 1911 to 1950. The relationship between fetal exposure to influenza and adult schizophrenia was examined. It is possible that unknown factors produce excesses of both influenza and schizophrenia in the winter, creating an artifactual association. To control for this coincidence, the effects of season were removed from the monthly influenza and schizophrenic birth-rates by several methods. Using the residual scores, it was found that influenza rates higher than seasonally expected, occurring in the sixth month of gestation, were associated with rates of births of schizophrenics greater than seasonally expected. This association was not attributable to some winter-related, third factor or to climatic variables.
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PMID:Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. A 40-year study. 239 46

There are epidemiological reasons for suspecting that infections may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia, and it is claimed that the birth cohort that was in utero during the 1957 influenza epidemic in Helsinki, Finland, now has an increased incidence of schizophrenia. Three studies, all based on the admission statistics of Scottish psychiatric hospitals, were therefore undertaken to determine whether those who were in utero during the influenza A epidemics of 1918 to 1919 and 1957 were subsequently at increased risk of schizophrenia. Edinburgh data suggest that those who were in the sixth month of intrauterine development during the 1957 epidemic were subsequently at increased risk, but Scottish national data do not reveal any increased risk associated with either the 1918 to 1919 or 1957 epidemics. Overall, the hypothesis that maternal influenza may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia is not supported, but the possibility cannot yet be discounted.
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PMID:Maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. 239 47

In order to investigate a possible relationship between schizophrenic births and viral diseases, the birth month and year of all state hospital admissions for schizophrenia in Connecticut and Massachusetts from 1973-1974 were compared with the occurrence of reportable viral diseases for 1920-1955. Data was statistically examined by time series using spectral analysis. Statistically significant coherences were found between schizophrenic births and measles (both states), varicella-zoster (Connecticut) and polio (Connecticut). Influenza just missed statistical significance. No temporal relationship between schizophrenic births and rubella or mumps was found. The results are compared with similar studies in Minnesota and Finland. Definitive explanations for the observed relationships are precluded by the emerging complexity of virus-CNS interactions. A triggering of immune dysfunction by the infectious agents is proposed as the most reasonable explanation.
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PMID:Schizophrenic births and viral diseases in two states. 315 10


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