Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical presentation of three patients with meningiomas at different frontal sites is described. They had been ill for 3, 25, and 43 years before the tumour was demonstrated radiologically. Apathy, incontinence, dementia, and fits were seen in association with middle and superior frontal lesions, and may be mistaken for symptoms of involutional depression or presenile cerebral atrophy. In contrast, excitement and hallucinosis were seen in association with a basal frontal lesion, and may mimic psychotic syndromes like hypomania and schizophrenia, particularly if the tumour encroaches on the third ventricle and adjacent structures. Irreversible loss of myelin and axons in the frontal areas of brain surrounding the tumour may have contributed to the clinical picture of the syndrome shown by these patients.
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PMID:Three cases of frontal meningiomas presenting psychiatrically. 496 22

Clozapine, used in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia resistant to other neuroleptic medication, is metabolized by the hepatic microsomal system to demethyl-clozapine and clozapine-N-oxide. Changes in clozapine serum concentrations have been documented after initiation of therapy with medications known to induce or inhibit liver microsomal enzymes. These interactions are of clinical importance when diminished efficacy or increased toxic effects of clozapine therapy occur. A 34-year-old schizophrenic man had increased clozapine serum concentrations, leukocytosis, and adverse effects as a result of concomitant erythromycin therapy given for suspected lower respiratory tract infection. Symptoms included somnolence, difficulty in coordination and ambulation, slurred speech, disorientation, and incontinence. The symptoms resolved after treatment with clozapine and erythromycin were discontinued, and treatment with clozapine was gradually resumed.
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PMID:Erythromycin-induced clozapine toxic reaction. 862 81

In schizophrenic patients with incontinence our previous urodynamic studies showed detrusor hyperreflexia in some cases. Many schizophrenic patients have brain abnormalities similar to those associated with urge incontinence and detrusor hyperreflexia in neurological patients. We therefore propose bladder dysfunction and incontinence as previously unrecognized neurobiological correlates of schizophrenia. To clarify this concept our first step, the present study, was a patient survey for urinary problems. Incontinence was more prevalent in schizophrenic patients than in a comparison group of mood disorder patients at the same hospitals. Urge incontinence and leakage of any type were related closely to psychiatric diagnosis. These data, like our pilot urodynamic studies, suggest that incontinence represents detrusor hyperreflexia in a significant subset of schizophrenic patients. Prospective urodynamic studies will be needed to test our proposal directly.
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PMID:Bladder dysfunction in schizophrenia. 926 79

The efficacy of lithium carbonate in the first reported case of a female with mild mental disability who engaged in public and compulsive masturbation is described. The patient was born in 1975, and was 19 years old at first admission. A diagnosis of schizophrenia was initially suspected, therefore the patient was given medication including pimozide, haloperidol, carbamazepine, diazepam and levomepromazine. These medications, however, did not control the symptoms, and the patient showed several side effects, such as incontinence. Only lithium carbonate was efficacious among the medications administered; the patient's abnormal sexual behavior was significantly reduced and no conspicuous side effects were recognized. The mechanisms of lithium carbonate in controlling abnormal sexual behavior are discussed.
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PMID:Efficacy of lithium carbonate on public and compulsive masturbation: a female case with mild mental disability. 947 28

Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia are considered at risk for polydipsia, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by excessive consumption of fluids. This study examined the demographic and health-related characteristics of nursing home residents with psychiatric diagnoses (N = 70) who reside in a 92-bed facility. The prevalence of polydipsia and behavioral characteristics and symptoms as measured by a 17-item polydipsia screening tool also were described. Patients who screened positive for polydipsia (36%) exhibited behaviors that included incontinence, smoking, frequent voiding, and preference for fluid over food. A polydipsia screening program could minimize morbidity and mortality associated with this fairly prevalent condition.
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PMID:Identifying at risk nursing home residents using a polydipsia screening tool. 1510 36

A 55-year-old man presented with gait disturbance, incontinence, and back pain. He had a medical history of schizophrenia for the past 35 years. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging suggested thoracic vertebral hemangioma. Dynamic CT incidentally detected a hepatic hemangioma. Laminectomy of T3 and T4, resection of the epidural hemangioma, and rigid instrumentation between T1 and T6 using rod and hook systems were performed. Postoperatively, his symptoms completely disappeared and the histological diagnosis was capillary hemangioma. Schizophrenic patients have diminished sensitivity to pain or other symptoms, so neurological symptoms may become severe. However, early and appropriate treatment can result in satisfactory neurological outcome. The patient had a rare association of vertebral hemangioma and hepatic hemangioma, which may be a chance occurrence.
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PMID:Thoracic vertebral cavernous hemangioma in a schizophrenic patient--case report. 2058 75

We describe a patient with Schizophrenia and secondary enuresis. The enuresis settled with resolution of his psychotic symptoms but later remerged after starting Clozapine. We explore the mechanisms of incontinence in Schizophrenia and those due to Clozapine. This case highlights the need to inquire about incontinence in patients with schizophrenia prior to prescribing clozapine.
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PMID:Secondary enuresis & body dysmorphic disorder in a caucasian male with catatonic schizophrenia: a case report. 2105 4

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is now increasingly being recognized as one of the causes of young onset dementia (YOD). The presentation of FTD can be subtle with a broad range of symptoms. This frequently causes misdiagnosis and a delay in initiating the correct treatment. While subtle personality changes, disinhibition and problems in executive functioning are frequently encountered in FTD, frank psychotic symptoms resembling schizophrenia are unusual. This is a case of a 38 year old Chinese female that highlights how obsessive compulsive symptoms which progressed to florid psychosis and disorganized speech and behavior can be a presenting picture in FTD. For seven years, this patient was treated as a case of schizophrenia and was thought to have poor response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as well as antipsychotic medication. Her blood work and electroencephalogram (EEG) were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed progressive cerebral atrophy. This case report suggests that psychosis should be investigated in detail especially when the clinical presentation is not typical of a functional disorder and more so when the patient is not responsive to conventional treatment. This report also highlights the importance of eliciting symptoms suggestive of an "organic" etiology, such as incontinence and disorientation. In addition, the usefulness of repeated imaging to show the rapidly progressive course of FTD has been illustrated. Other possible differential diagnoses of this patient are also discussed.
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PMID:Schizophrenia or frontotemporal dementia in a young Chinese female: a purview of possible diagnoses. 2214 52

Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, is one of the most commonly used antipsychotics. Though olanzapine is commonly associated with endocrine side effects, it is generally well tolerated by most patients and is rarely associated with urinary incontinence. This report highlights the case of a 23 -year old male patient with schizophrenia who developed severe urinary incontinence following the use of olanzapine. No medications were given to relieve the incontinence contrary to some other studies where ephedrine was used. Olanzapine was changed to trifluoperazine, and the patient's condition improved within two days. Urinary incontinence, though uncommon, is an embarrassing side effect of olanzapine which could negatively affect drug compliance. As such, clinicians should enquire about it in order to improve the patient's health.
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PMID:Olanzapine as a cause of urinary incontinence: a case report. 2313 97

Clozapine, the first atypical antipsychotic, is well known for superior efficacy in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. Though the side effect most often associated with clozapine is the potential for causing blood dyscrasias, other lesser known side effects, including clozapine-induced incontinence, may result in the unnecessary discontinuation of this essential psychiatric medication in patients who otherwise have no alternative to treatment. Here we describe a case of pseudoephedrine used successfully as a therapeutic intervention for clozapine-induced incontinence.
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PMID:Pseudoephedrine for the treatment of clozapine-induced incontinence. 2369 57


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