Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors compare schizophrenia with several other diseases and discuss how a few simple models that have already been successfully applied in other cases could be used in the genetic analysis of schizophrenia and MAO activity. Among the diseases discussed are Huntington's disease, xanthomatosis, and diabetes. The authors recommend undertaking multivariate studies of monoamine oxidase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and other traits associated with schizophrenia in single, large pedigrees ascertained through schizophrenic probands.
 ...
PMID:Types of disease and models for their genetic analysis. 644 88

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were measured in 10 regions of post-mortem brain from control, psychotic and choreic subjects; glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities were estimated in substantia nigra. In agreement with earlier observations, agonal status profoundly affected GAD measurements in the substantia nigra but had no effect on GABA levels in any brain region. Although GAD and GABA levels were significantly correlated in nigral tissue from sudden death control and psychotic cases, the association was lost in patients dying slowly. In Huntington's chorea significant reduction in GABA content were observed in the nucleus accumbens, lateral pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra and ventrolateral thalamic nucleus. In psychotic patients there were significant decreases in GABA concentrations in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Division of the psychotic group into schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like categories and into early-onset and later-onset cases revealed that GABA levels in the amygdala were diminished in all 4 psychotic subgroups, whereas in the nucleus accumbens the deficit was confined to cases of early-onset schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Distribution of GABA in post-mortem brain tissue from control, psychotic and Huntington's chorea subjects. 644 63

The nucleus of the ansa peduncularis in the substantia innominata frequently contains degenerating neurons in patients with Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and possibly other neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. A large number of the degenerating cells are found only exceptionally in neurologically normal patients who are without mental symptoms, and the significance of the lesion may be related to quantitative factors, analogous to granulovacuolar degeneration of the hippocampus. The cells show massive distention with solvent-extractable lipid-pigment vacuolar droplet material that imparts a distinctive light and electron microscopic appearance.
 ...
PMID:Lesions of the nucleus ansae peduncularis in neuropsychiatric disease. 645 11

Ornithine aminotransferase (Orn-T) activities in Huntington's disease (HD) brains were found to be reduced, when compared to age-matched control brains, by 34-49% in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen. Such changes were not observed in senile dementia of Alzheimer type or schizophrenia. Alterations in choline acetyltransferase activities were consistent with previous findings for these disorders. If Orn-T is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate, the reported losses of Orn-T activity may reflect deterioration of the corticostriatal glutamatergic neurons in HD.
 ...
PMID:Ornithine aminotransferase in Huntington's disease. 645 16

The nucleus basalis of Meynert, the major source of cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, was morphometrically investigated in 58 cases of neuropsychiatric disorders and compared to 14 controls. The results demonstrate a loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease (70%), paralysis agitans (77%), and Korsakoff's disease (47%) but no marked reduction of neurons in postencephalitic parkinsonism, Huntington's disease, chronic alcoholism without dementia, schizophrenia and infantile brain damage. Neurons of the three subdivisions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (the nucleus septi medialis, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleus basalis Meynert neurons in the substantia innominata) may be affected in a different manner in different patients within a single group homogeneous with respect to the usual clinical and neuropathological diagnostic criteria. Cell loss in the basal forebrain is restricted to the large neurons of the nucleus basalis, the immediately adjacent neurons of the globus pallidus externus not being affected. The selective degeneration of these neurons provides the morphological correlate of the cortical cholinergic deficiency in these neuropathological conditions. The degeneration of this discrete cholinergic neuronal population in several disorders of higher cortical function is probably directly related to the progressive deterioration of memory and cognitive processes in affected patients.
 ...
PMID:Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's Disease. 663 93

The capability of positron computed tomography (PCT) to delineate the substructures of the brain and its facility for accurately measuring the local tissue radioactivity concentration allow the application of tracer kinetic models for the study of local cerebral function in man. This principle and an adaptation of the 14C-deoxyglucose (DG) model of Sokoloff et al. with 18F-2-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is being used at UCLA. Brookhaven National Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, NIH, and the Massachusetts General Hospital to determine the local cerebral glucose metabolic rate (LCMRGIc) in normal man at rest and during sensory activation and the changes that occur in patients with a variety of cerebral disorders. Kinetic studies with PCT have been employed to measure the rate constants of the model in different gray and white matter structures of the brain in both normal and ischemic states. The precision of the method in normals has been shown to be about +/- 5% for 1.5-2.0 sq cm regions of the brain. Studies in normals have yielded values for hemispheric CMRGIc that are in agreement with measurement using the Kety-Schmidt technique and LCMRGIc values in agreement with values in monkeys using DG autoradiography. Studies in volunteers subjected to visual and auditory stimulation are demonstrating the potential of this technique for investigating the human brain's response to different stimuli. STudies in patients with stroke show excellent correlation between the degree, extent, and particular structures involved and the clinical symptoms. The method consistently detected hypometabolism in cortical, thalamic, and striatal tissues that were dysfunctional due to deactivation or damage but which appeared normal on x-ray CT. Studies in patients with partial epilepsy have shown hypometabolic zones that highly correlated anatomically with interictal EEG spike foci and were associated with normal x-ray CT studies in 77% of the patients studied. The studies on epilepsy at UCLA have resulted in the integration of the LCMRGIc study into the clinical workup of patients with partial epilepsy that are candidates for surgical resection of their epileptogenic focus (effective June 1979). Studies on Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, aphasia, dementia, schizophrenia, and tumors are in early stage of investigation but also are providing exciting new results. Further studies are needed to determine the role of the local function information obtained with the PCT-FDG method in elucidating the basic mechanism and the potential to aid in improving the approach to medical therapy.
 ...
PMID:Positron computed tomography studies of cerebral glucose metabolism in man: theory and application in nuclear medicine. 697 94

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the mammalian nervous system. As such, it is implicated in the aetiology and therapy of various disease conditions--for example, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia. However, only limited electrophysiological information is presently available concerning dopamine receptors in the mammalian nervous system, and there are only three reports in which intracellular techniques have successfully recorded the action of DA on individual central neurones. In all cases, DA depolarised the respective neurones. In the periphery, DA is reported to hyperpolarise superior cervical ganglia. However, this hyperpolarisation has been shown to be due to activation of alpha-adrenoreceptors and not to a response of DA on a DA receptor. Peripheral DA actions have also been described presynaptically, but are difficult to study electrophysiologically for technical reasons. As a result, little is known at the membrane level about the effects of drugs thought to modulate or interact with DA receptors. In the present report, we describe a depolarising action for DA on the cat dorsal root ganglion.
 ...
PMID:Dopamine depolarisation of mammalian primary afferent neurones. 735 66

The classical cytoarchitectonic maps of human prefrontal areas produced by various cartographers in the early part of this century, though similar in gross topography, differ from one another in their descriptions of the size, shape, and precise location of specific regions within the frontal promontory. The current advances in human neurobiology stimulated us to reinvestigate the cytoarchitecture of the human prefrontal cortex, beginning with areas 9 and 46, to establish a set of objective cytometric criteria for identification of these areas. Nisslstained and Gallyas-stained celloidin-embedded sections were prepared from the left hemispheres of 17 human subjects 23-73 years old, without history of neurological disease. In eight cases, light microscopic observations were supplemented by morphometric data collected on a research microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics and interfaced to a TV monitor with video mixing equipment and a microcomputer. We used the three-dimensional counting method of Williams and Rakic (1988) to measure (1) total cortical and relative laminar thickness, (2) neuronal packing density per 0.001 mm3 in individual cortical layers, and (3) sizes of neuronal somata in selected cortical layers. Light microscopic analysis confirmed that the cortical layers are more differentiated in area 46 than in area 9, particularly at the borders of layer IV. Layers III and V exhibit clearer sublamination in area 9, while layer IV is also somewhat wider in area 46 than in area 9 (9.3% vs 6.4% of cortical thickness); the overall thickness of the cortex is the same in both areas. Cytometric analysis revealed that layer IV neurons of area 46 are more densely packed than those in area 9 (55.38 +/- 7.26 vs 45.80 +/- 4.45 neurons/0.001 mm3), as are neurons in the supragranular layers II and III combined (53.51 +/ 6.33 vs 45.69 +/ 3.81 neurons/0.001 mm3). Finally, neurons in area 46 are more homogeneous in size than those in area 9. Differences in myeloarchitecture are also evident: each area contains numerous, well-stained radial striae and two pronounced bands of horizontal fibers, but in general, area 46 is less myelinated than area 9. Objective cytometric methods can clearly distinguish two adjacent areas within the human prefrontal lobe. These findings may prove useful in the areal parcellation of the human cerebral cortex as well as provide a baseline for analysis of pathological changes in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as a schizophrenia, Huntington's or Alzheimer's diseases.
 ...
PMID:Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex: I. Remapping of areas 9 and 46 using quantitative criteria. 758 Jan 24

Recently, it has been demonstrated that unstable trinucleotide repeats are the etiologic factor in myotonic dystrophy, fragile-X syndrome, Kennedy's disease, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy. All available evidence suggests that these expanded trinucleotide repeats, or unstable DNA, are the biological basis of the clinical phenomenon of genetic anticipation. Two components of anticipation, increased severity and earlier age of onset in subsequent generations, have been widely observed in schizophrenia. We review the evidence for and against genetic anticipation in schizophrenia. Although the major criticisms of the anticipation hypothesis can be questioned, so can the evidence in favor of it. We conclude that molecular genetic approaches might be the most useful means of resolving ambiguity in clinical arguments about the origin of the anticipation-like phenomenon in schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Genetic anticipation in schizophrenia: pro and con. 758 22

At present, dopamine receptors are divided into two groups, dopamine D1-like receptors and dopamine D2-like receptors. In the study of these receptors, application of molecular biology methods has led to the identification of several structurally distinct subfamilies of receptors. D1-like subfamily contains D2, D3, and D4 receptors. These receptors are the primary targets in treatment of schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. Some of the neuroleptics have very selective action on certain subtypes of dopamine receptors, however, it seems that the efficient treatment of e.g. schizophrenia can be reached only by drugs which affect not only dopaminergic receptors but also 5-HT and possibly other receptors. It is of interest that the antipsychotic drugs originally led to the discovery of dopamine receptors and their subtypes and now, in turn, these receptors are used to search for more selective drugs with antipsychotic and antiparkinsonic effects.
 ...
PMID:[Dopaminergic receptors--nomenclature and classification of types and subtypes]. 758 15


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>