Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Psychiatric disorders are more common in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) than in the general population and they exert a significant effect on many health-related outcomes. Low levels of mental health literacy and stigma may contribute to delayed treatment seeking and poorer outcomes. A convenience sample of 400 HIV-positive respondents were selected from three health clinics in Cape Town. Respondents' mental health literacy and attitudes towards psychiatric disorders were investigated. Psychiatric disorders were viewed as stress-related 70-91% of the time. Seeking help from a medical professional was often endorsed as an effective treatment option, while taking medication was rarely endorsed. Respondents held negative attitudes towards people with psychiatric disorders. In particular, people with substance abuse and PTSD were stigmatised more than those with depression and schizophrenia. The understanding of the psychobiological nature of psychiatric disorders and of existing effective treatments in PLWHA in South Africa is limited. Interventions designed to increase mental health literacy and reduce the stigma associated with psychiatric disorders may increase the likelihood of PLWHA seeking treatment should they suffer from these conditions.
 ...
PMID:Perspectives towards mental illness in people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. 2064 Sep 55

Numerous reports suggest HIV may be elevated among those with severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or bipolar illness, but this has been studied in only a limited number of sites. Medicaid claim's files from 2002 to 2003 were examined for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in 8 states, focusing on schizophrenia. Across 102 MSAs, 1.81% of beneficiaries with schizophrenia had received diagnoses of HIV/AIDS. MSA rates ranged widely, from 5.2% in Newark, NJ, to no cases in 16 of the MSAs.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of diagnosed HIV disease among medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia in U.S. metropolitan areas. 2082 32

Certain organic antecedents such as fever, weight loss, diarrhoea and systemic infections often present with neurocognitive deficits (NCDs). However, routine HIV screening is not done in such cases. HIV can present with psychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms as highlighted in the two cases given below.Case 1, a housewife, had been exhibiting altered behaviour following a low-grade fever over the past 3 weeks, associated with muttering to self, talking irrelevantly, would wander away from home, had decreased sleep, loss of appetite, and neglected self-care. She had displayed impulsivity by jumping into a well. On admission, the patient was mute, lethargic and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tested positive for cryptococcus. Her human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was positive.Case 2, a housewife, presented with one-month history of muttering to self, increased irritability, aggressive on minimal provocation, decreased sleep, loss of appetite, and suspiciousness towards family members. On provisional diagnosis of schizophrenia, the patient was started on low-dose antipsychotic drugs, which showed minimal improvement. There was a distinct slowness in her movements and she progressively lost weight. Routine investigations were normal but her HIV status was positive.It has recently come to light that HIV infection also presents with subtle manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS), which are distinct from NCD and, if harnessed, could enhance diagnostic sensitivity and reduce the 'asymptomatic period'. Hence HIV testing is recommended in such cases.
 ...
PMID:Neurocognitive deficits in HIV-positive patients-two case reports: Revising current AANTF guidelines in view of recent revelation of new neurocognitive symptoms. 2084 52

Latinos, and Puerto Ricans in particular, have been disproportionately impacted by HIV/AIDS. Severe mental illness (SMI) is associated with an increase in HIV risk. Relatively little research has focused on the role of SMI among Puerto Rican injection drug users (IDUs) and non-IDUs in susceptibility to and transmission of HIV and there are few published reports on HIV risk among Latina SMI. We conducted a longitudinal mixed methods study with 53 Puerto Rican women with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression to examine the cultural context of HIV risk and HIV knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors among a larger study with Puerto Rican and Mexican women with serious mental illness (SMI). There was a high prevalence of past and current substance use and a high prevalence of substance use-associated HIV risk behaviors, such as unprotected sexual relations with an IDU. The violence associated with substance use frequently increased participants' HIV risk. Choice of substance of abuse depended on cost, availability, and use within the individual participant's network. Participants attributed their substance use to the need to relieve symptoms associated with their mental illness, ameliorate unpleasant feelings, and deaden emotional pain. HIV prevention interventions for poorer Puerto Rican women with SMI must target the individuals themselves and others within their networks if the women are to be supported in their efforts to reduce substance use-related risk. The content of any intervention must address past and current trauma and its relationship to substance use and HIV risk, as well as strategies to prevent HIV transmission.
 ...
PMID:Substance use and HIV risk in a sample of severely mentally Ill Puerto Rican women. 2132 67

Despite a high prevalence of HIV in patients with serious mental health disorders, there is little information in the literature regarding details of their HIV treatment. The objective of this paper is to assess factors associated with the success of HIV therapy in people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disease. The methods used are retrospective, post-study chart review, and clinician questionnaire at two HIV county clinics. Forty-nine (4.8%) study patients were identified, 51% of whom achieved an undetectable HIV viral load. These patients tended to have less drug use (42% vs. 68%), more ongoing psychiatric visits (70% vs. 58%) and were more apt to take psychiatric medicines (70% vs. 40%) than patients with detectable HIV viral loads. Both groups had many missed appointments. We were surprised to find that many patients were successful with HIV treatment despite substance abuse, uncontrolled psychiatric symptoms, and lack of psychiatric care. Missing clinic appointments had little influence on treatment outcome.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of HIV in outpatients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disease at two county clinics. 2138 14

This paper defines potential peptide cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and the human host. Specifically, the amino acid primary sequence of HIV-1, isolate CDC-451, was analyzed for potential immunopathological relationships with the human proteome. The results revealed that: 1) HIV-1 shares 50 heptapeptides and three octapeptides with the human proteome; 2) 34 of the 50 shared heptapeptides are experimentally validated epitopes targeted by immune responses following HIV-1 infection; 3) the viral heptapeptide epitopes are present in human proteins that, when altered, are associated with disease characteristics of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) such as CD4+ cell loss, encephalopathy, schizophrenia, myopathy, cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, corneal diseases, diarrhea, lymphoma, and bladder cancer; 4) at the pentapeptide level, the viral-versus-human overlap is extensive (14,227 matches), with the viral pentapeptides disseminated throughout 10,312 human proteins. The findings are discussed in relationship to HIV-1 escape from immune surveillance, adjuvant-induced HIV-1 immunogenicity, autoimmune cross-reactions following human hyperimmune responses against HIV-1, and AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Charting the peptide crossreactome between HIV-1 and the human proteome. 2162 44

This minireview series reviews some of the most recent findings about quinolinic acid's cellular toxicity and its implications in diseases such as HIV associated neurocognitive disorders, depressive disorders and schizophrenia, and finally therapeutic strategies with drugs able to interfere with quinolinic acid production and/or effects.
 ...
PMID:Quinolinic acid: neurotoxicity. 2225 52

Research exploring metacognition and social cognition in schizophrenia has tended to use control groups experiencing relatively little adversity. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the deficits found among persons with schizophrenia are merely the result of greater life adversity. To explore this issue, we assessed metacognition and social cognition among 40 participants with schizophrenia and 25 adults with HIV. We chose to explore this phenomenon in people with HIV given the literature suggesting that this group experiences significant adversity. Measures of metacognition and social cognition included the Metacognition Assessment Scale (MAS), the Hinting test, and the Bell-Lysaker Emotion Recognition Test (BLERT). After controlling for education, years since diagnosis, and memory, the schizophrenia group performed more poorly on the MAS and the Hinting test. No differences were found on the BLERT. The results are consistent with the possibility that schizophrenia is linked to decrements in metacognition and some forms of social cognition.
 ...
PMID:Metacognitive and social cognition deficits in patients with significant psychiatric and medical adversity: a comparison between participants with schizophrenia and a sample of participants who are HIV-positive. 2229 9

Quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, is involved in several neurological disorders, including Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, HIV associated dementia (HAD) etc. QUIN toxicity involves several mechanisms which trigger various metabolic pathways and transcription factors. The primary mechanism exerted by this excitotoxin in the central nervous system (CNS) has been largely related with the overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, ATP exhaustion, free radical formation and oxidative damage. As a result, this toxic pattern is responsible for selective loss of middle size striatal spiny GABAergic neurons and motor alterations in lesioned animals. This toxin has recently gained attention in biomedical research as, in addition to its proven excitotoxic profile, a considerable amount of evidence suggests that oxidative stress and energetic disturbances are major constituents of its toxic pattern in the CNS. Hence, this profile has changed our perception of how QUIN-related disorders combine different toxic mechanisms resulting in brain damage. This review will focus on the description and integration of recent evidence supporting old and suggesting new mechanisms to explain QUIN toxicity.
 ...
PMID:Quinolinic Acid, an endogenous molecule combining excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and other toxic mechanisms. 2240 67

Mental health disorders (MHD) are reportedly more common among soldiers and airmen with HIV than their seronegative counterparts. This report documents the incidence rates of MHD among HIV-positive members of all service branches and compares the rates to those of two HIV-unexposed control groups: an HSV2-infected group and a group without documented HIV or HSV2 infections. Approximately 56 percent of HIV-infected service members received an incident diagnosis of a MHD six months or more after the initial detection of their infections. Cumulative incidence rates in nearly all MHD categories of interest were highest in the HIV group, intermediate in the HSV2 group and lowest in the referent group. The disorders more frequently diagnosed among HIV-infected service members compared to their uninfected counterparts were psychosis/schizophrenia, substance dependence, substance abuse, bipolar disorder, suicide ideation and depression. The findings are consistent with previous studies and reiterate the importance of long-term and comprehensive clinical monitoring of individuals diagnosed with HIV-1 infections.
 ...
PMID:The risk of mental health disorders among U.S. military personnel infected with human immunodeficiency virus, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2000-2011. 2269 88


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>