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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report five cases of psychosis in patients with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. All patients was man and intravenous drug abuser. The age range was 22 from 31 years with a mean of 25 years. In all cases acute schizophrenia was the first clinical picture of the HIV. Four patients had opportunistic infections and AIDS-Dementia Complex months later. If there is a genuine biological association between HIV carriage and schizophrenia illness, then HIV infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such an illness.
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PMID:[HIV and schizophrenia]. 210 15

This chapter contains a detailed description of the range of psychiatric problems likely to present in HIV patients and their relatives, and a discussion of the principles of psychiatric management. Psychosocial problems at the various disease stages are reviewed, including those at the time of HIV testing, and in asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. Mania and schizophrenia-like syndromes are discussed, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders occurring in early and advanced HIV disease. The impact of HIV disease on relatives and professional carers is reviewed. The role of physicians and nurses in the psychological care of HIV patients is outlined, together with the role of mental health specialists. Basic information about the recognition and treatment of major psychiatric syndromes is provided. Finally, issues involved in supporting staff working with HIV patients are discussed.
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PMID:Psychiatric manifestations of HIV disease. 228 89

A review of the literature on HIV and psychiatry thus far has revealed 13 cases of HIV infection presenting as psychosis. We argue that these cases could in fact represent either coincidental schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and HIV infection or HIV-related organic hallucinosis, delusional or affective syndromes with or without associated dementia (AIDS-dementia complex). The use of the term psychosis in describing AIDS-related behavioral syndromes is misleading, and should be replaced when possible by specific DSM-III-R categories.
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PMID:HIV infection presenting as psychosis: a critique. 323 47

Psychiatric symptoms in AIDS have been noted in the literature. The case report of a young man with HIV showing psychotic features is presented. The course of the illness points to a possible schizophrenia incipiens. This raises two issues: the neurotropic potential of the virus and its involvement in the occurrence of these psychiatric troubles.
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PMID:[Psychiatric manifestations and HIV infection. Apropos of a case]. 364 59

Investigated was the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among mentally ill criminal offenders admitted to Thailand's Nitichitawej Hospital for Forensic Psychiatric Services from September 1988-February 1989. There were 325 admissions; the average age was 32.4 years. 47% had committed murder or acts of grievous bodily harm, 33% were confined for offenses against property, and 6% were arrested for drug possession. In terms of psychiatric diagnoses, the majority (78%) were schizophrenic. 18 (5.6%) had a primary diagnosis of drug addiction, but 92 (28.3%) indicated they were substance abusers. Only 6 cases (1.8% prevalence) of HIV infection were found in this population. Four of the HIV-infected prisoners had a primary diagnosis of drug addiction; the remaining two were diagnosed with schizophrenia, but both these men had a history of substance abuse. When the HIV prevalence rate was recalculated for mentally ill patients who acknowledged a history of substance abuse, it increased to 33.33%; moreover, it rose to 35.29% when computed among those arrested on drug charges. These rates are consistent with those recorded among non-institutionalized drug abusers in Thailand (around 30%). It is recommended that forensic psychiatric units take precautions to prevent the spread of HIV through homosexual activity among inmates.
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PMID:The prevalence of HIV infection among mentally ill offenders in Thailand. 786 8

Clinical, psychological and neurological examinations were performed of 478 subjects (208 males and 270 females) seeking confidential testing for HIV infection in one-on-one counseling facilities. The findings were correlated with serological evidence on HIV-antibodies and somatic status. The psychological response to seronegative, seropositive and false positive results was registered and compared to individual somatic status. Behavioral patterns were established for subjects with neurotic reactions, neurosis, neurosis-bordering condition, psychopathy and schizophrenia.
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PMID:[AIDS phobia (its clinical picture and typology)]. 816 May 12

Significant advances in our understanding the phenomenology of cocaine addiction have occurred in the past 12 years such that we now recognize addiction to cocaine as a major public health problem. We now can diagnose cocaine addiction more accurately. Furthermore, cocaine addiction has stimulated creation and testing of novel treatment efforts because standard addiction treatment, although efficacious, is not as effective for cocaine addiction as compared with other addictions. Much remains to be learned. We need to clarify symptoms and syndromes associated with cocaine addiction to more precisely delineate true "comorbidity." Special attention is needed to understand the course and response to treatment in women addicted to cocaine. Also, work is needed to clarify the interaction of HIV, cocaine, and pharmacotherapy used to treat HIV. Regarding treatment, effort is needed to better understand the interactions among educational, group, cognitive-behavioral, and pharmacologic interventions. Specific attention is needed regarding use of 12-step recovery programs adapted for cocaine addicts with comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, mood, and anxiety disorders. Finally, we need to better understand ways of attracting and holding cocaine addicts in treatment earlier in the course of their disorder. To that end, "nontraditional" interventions, such as acupuncture, deserve systematic examination as alternative methods of recruitment and intervention for certain populations of cocaine addicts.
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PMID:Cocaine. Diagnosis and treatment. 845 49

The growing spread of HIV infection and AIDS incidence has led the medical milieu to increase efforts in the study of the at-risk population and in the development of prevention programmes. Nevertheless, little attention has been focused on psychiatric patients as a vulnerable and disadvantaged segment of the population with high risk of HIV infection. In fact, several studies in the last years have shown that high-risk behaviour, especially intravenous drug abuse and non-protected at-risk sexual intercourse, is reported by 20-50% of psychiatric patients, particularly those affected by bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. The prevalence of HIV infection has also been found to be higher in psychiatric patients than in the general population. In general, only a proportion (15-50%) of HIV-positive psychiatric patients have knowledge about their serological status, while the others do not know that they have been infected. Preliminary studies show that educational programmes specifically developed for psychiatric patients improved knowledge of HIV infection and reduced the patients' HIV-risk behavior. Specific intervention strategies should also be known when dealing with mentally ill HIV-positive patients. Open problems and further issues to be addressed by future research are discussed.
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PMID:Risk of HIV infection in psychiatrically ill patients. 866 63

The CANTAB battery was developed for the assessment of cognitive deficits in humans with neurodegenerative diseases or brain damage. It consists of a series of interrelated computerized tests of memory, attention, and executive function, administered via a touch sensitive screen. It allows a decomposition of complex tasks commonly used in clinical assessment into their cognitive components and enables the extrapolation of findings from the animal literature. Tests include versions of the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test and the Tower and London and also the Delayed Matching-to-Sample test, widely used in monkeys for visual recognition memory. The tests are constructed in such a way that they may be given to animals (monkeys) with minimal change. The nonverbal nature of the CANTAB tests makes them largely language independent and culture free. CANTAB has been standardized on a large, predominantly elderly, population and validated in neurosurgical patients as well as in patients with basal ganglia disorders, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and schizophrenia. In addition, CANTAB has been used to evaluate: a) the therapeutic effects of dopaminergic and cholinergic medication in neurodegenerative disease; b) cognition in 5-11-year-old normal, learning-disabled, and autistic children; c) deficits in patients with HIV infection; and d) early, asymptomatic Huntington's disease. The latter illustrate its usefulness in early identification of progressive disorders. It is suggested that the battery should have particular utility across a wide range of age and intelligence in longitudinal assessment after exposure to toxicants, and allow meaningful comparison with experimental studies of toxic effects in other species.
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PMID:CANTAB battery: proposed utility in neurotoxicology. 886 44

Reports of an 18-fold higher incidence of schizophrenia among second-generation Afro-Caribbeans, and especially Jamaican migrants in the United Kingdom were soon called "an epidemic of schizophrenia," with the inference that a novel virus, likely to be perinatally transmitted, was a possible etiological agent. This intriguing observation led us to explore a possible link with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type one (HTLV-I), because it is a virus that is endemic in the Caribbean Island, is perinatally transmitted, known to be neuropathogenic, and the cause of a chronic myelopathy (tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I associated myelopathy. We therefore examined inpatients as the Bellevue Mental Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica and did standard serological tests for retroviruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II and HIV-I and HIV-II on 201 inpatients who fulfilled ICD-9 and DSM III-R criteria for schizophrenia. Our results produced important negative data, since the seropositivity rates for HTLV-I, the most likely pathogen, were no greater than the seropositivity range for HTLV-I carriers in this island population, indicating the HTLV-1 and the other retroviruses tested do not play a primary etiological role in Jamaican schizophrenics.
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PMID:Retroviruses and schizophrenia in Jamaica. 887 65


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