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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Schizophrenia has been defined as an indentifiable disorder based on phenomenologic classification. Support for this concept is derived from consistent observations of a low frequency of the disorder in general populations throughout the world but substantially higher frequency of occurrence in siblings of affected individuals. The rates of concurrence in diagnosis for schizophrenia, surprisingly, vary in similar degree to those found for a series of physical disorders such as cervical cancer, emphysema and bronchitis, and electrocardiographic evaluations of cardiac disorder. The most recent findings from cross-national diagnostic studies of mental disorder uphold the need for a regular, more definitive classification system that is considered from both the service and research points of view.
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PMID:Classification in schizophrenia. 108 2

Long before the era of heart surgery began, "cardiac psychoses" were known and described. They do not differ at all from postoperative psychoses after heart-surgery. On the other hand heart-surgery carries a far higher incidence of psychiatric complications than general surgery (general surgery 0,1--1,0%; heart surgery 10--60%). There is no reason to believe that the intensive care unit plays a decisive role in the origin of postoperative cardiac psychoses. Among 150 patients there were 60=40%, who did not show any psychiatric symptoms after surgery. These were exposed to the same environment of the intensive care unit as were the patients who developped symptoms. There were however correlations of statistical significance between "cardiac psychoses" and 1. an occurrence of endogenous psychoses in the family with first degree relatives or in the life history of the patient himself, 2 higher grade of severity of heart disease, 3. extra corporal circulation, 4. higher age, 5. male sex. Postoperative cardiac psychoses are mainly of the type of exogenous psychoses (akuter exogener Reaktionstyp Bonhoeffer). There is no doubt that psychological, reactive and environmental factors do play a certain role too. This is shown by the character of delusions and hallucinations which frequently reflect the postoperative situation. Persecutory delusions with the fear of being killed and ideas and fears of severe body mutilation are the most common motives. Similar motives are frequently observed in postoperative dreams. The manifestations of mental disease in the family or personal history of the patient is considered a significant presupposition of developing a cardiac psychosis of the type of endogenous depression, acute delirium or with schizophrenia like delusions.
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PMID:[Mental and neurological disorders associated with heart operations. Pre- and postoperative studies]. 126 55

In 1969, a Pacific Northwest American Indian community cohort (n = 100) was interviewed for the presence of physical and psychiatric illnesses. The same community was studied again in 1988. This study describes the outcome among the original 100 subjects. The schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Lifetime Version (SADS-L) served as the basic interview instrument, supplemented by data from medical records, death certificates, and medical and community informants. Twenty-five subjects had died, 13 from cardiovascular disorders and seven from alcohol-related illnesses. Among the 46 subjects re-interviewed, hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes had become significant sources of medical morbidity. Alcoholism was the most significant cause of psychiatric morbidity, particularly among males. This study indicates that greater attention should be focused upon prevention and treatment of alcoholism, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes in this community and in other American Indian populations.
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PMID:The natural history of medical and psychiatric disorders in an American Indian community. 130 32

To study formation of the internal picture of coronary heart disease (CHD), 116 patients with schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis who suffered angina pectoris attacks and myocardial infarction were followed up. The control group was made up of 106 CHD patients treated at the cardiological hospitals. Of these, 88.6% manifested borderline neuropsychic disorders due to the underlying heart disease. It has been established, that in patients suffering from psychoses, the hyponosognosic and anosognosic types of CHD survival (79.3% of cases) prevailed as compared to the control group (4.8% of cases). Unlike the control group patients, in patients with endogenous psychoses, the psychological and social factors lose their crucial importance in formation of the internal picture of CHD. Correct assessment of interrelations between the mental and somatic disease may contribute to improvement of the diagnosis and treatment of CHD as well as to the carrying out of rehabilitation measures.
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PMID:[Characteristics of forming internal picture of ischemic heart disease by patients with endogenous psychoses]. 165 4

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting nearly 1 per cent of the general population. Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that genetics plays a major role in the etiology of schizophrenia. The inheritance pattern appears complex, similar to that of other common conditions like heart disease. To uncover a causal genetic factor, researchers have recently begun to apply a linkage analysis strategy to schizophrenia. Early results suggest that there are many challenges facing scientists who undertake schizophrenia genetics research. While one study has shown significant linkage of schizophrenia to a region on chromosome 5, several other studies have not found linkage to this area. The likelihood that there are several major genes predisposing to the illness and uncertainties about inheritance patterns and diagnostic boundaries are potential difficulties to overcome. Many more families need to be studied, and creative complementary research strategies pursued, to achieve the potential success offered by a genetic linkage approach.
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PMID:Linkage analysis of schizophrenia: challenges and promise. 180 Dec

This study includes 3000 patients undergoing MR imaging, all of them conscious, with no history of alcoholism, drug addiction, heart disease, or schizophrenia. During the course of the MR study, panic attacks occurred in 46 subjects, which prevented continuation of the examination. An IV bolus injection of diazepam was administered, which enabled completion of the examination in all 46 cases. The expected effects of a high blood level of diazepam, such as somnolence, slow reactions, overrelaxation, and inhibition of breathing, were not observed. The panic attacks disappeared rapidly after the injection. The patients agreed to a repeat MR examination under similar conditions, if necessary.
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PMID:Panic attacks during MR imaging: treatment with i.v. diazepam. 211 78

Clinical chemistry is going through an identity crisis, squeezed between automation (de-skilling) on the service side and molecular genetics in research. Automated routine estimations are now carried out and interpreted by machines; the skilled staff members required are more likely to have degrees in electronics than medicine or biochemistry. The role of molecular genetics is more ambiguous; it is inherently reductionist, in that it attempts to explain most clinical phenomena in terms of DNA sequence alone. This has been remarkably successful for single-gene defects (such as those causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemoglobinopathies, cystic fibrosis, and ataxias) and may well prove equally so for Alzheimer's disease, cancer, heart disease, and schizophrenia. DNA diagnosis is not yet routine, but because of technical advances such as gene amplification ("PCR") and high-sensitivity gene-detection assays, it may soon become so, not only in major centers but also in local pathology laboratories and general practice. Clinical chemists must decide whether they wish to respond to this new and stimulating challenge by retooling and retraining. Should anyone be permitted into clinical chemistry during the 1990s without knowledge of both electronics and molecular genetics? Will there be a clinical chemistry in the twenty-first century other than through molecular genetics? This article is a personal response to these questions.
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PMID:Molecular genetics and the transformation of clinical chemistry. 233 3

Correlational and contingency analytical techniques were used to investigate the relationship between subtest scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in 1000 submariners. Groups of personality traits, both enhancing and protecting against risk of heart disease, were identified in these subjects. Personality trait patterns tending to be least associated with cardiovascular risk are tentatively identified by the three MMPI scales: psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and social introversion. On the other hand, the scales most strongly related to CHD risk in the submariner sample were denial of symptoms as measured by the K-scale, hypochondriasis, and hysteria. While the inherent inaccuracy in the prediction of CHD risk in young healty individuals limits generalization from these findings, the potential utility of the MMPI to assist in risk detection is indicated. Comparisons of cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, and alcohol consumption with personality characteristics identified by the MMPI yielded trait clusters associated with each addictive habit. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption tended to correlate with traits positively associated with CHD risk. The correlations between those addictive habits and MMPI subtest scores were most significant for the F-scale, which measures inordinate tendencies to exaggerated emotional symptoms, and for the psychopathic deviate and hypomania scales. Significant negative correlations were found between the amount of coffee consumed and those personality traits negatively associated wit CHD risk. These negative relationships were most significant for the MMPI scales schizophrenia and psychasthenia. Though the relationships were not necessarily construed to be causal, the contrasting modes through which these drug-associated habits appeared to relate to cardiovascular risk lend some support to the assumption that individuals with various specific sets of personality characteristics tend to incorporate these additive behaviors into their behavior repertoire in very different ways.
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PMID:Relationship of personality factors and some social habits to cardiovascular risk in submariners. 708 56

In this paper, we propose a model of social course of schizophrenia based on cross-cultural research on the influence of family, wider social network, work, political economy, and legal and mental health care institutions on the experience of illness. We posit the way these ordinary arrangements of daily living organize the course of schizophrenia in part through cultural processes that affect the body-self in suffering and in part through social processes that establish an intersubjective matrix for the experience of illness. We believe this model can be generalized to other chronic illness such as depression, diabetes, asthma, osteoarthritis, chronic pain syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and even heart disease and cancer. We develop the implications of this anthropological approach for research and practice.
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PMID:The social course of schizophrenia: local and societal factors. 973 76

The management of the behavior of mentally challenged adults when providing required dental care is often a problem, whether in the dental office or in a hospital setting. Our institution has a designated program to provide required dental care to this group of patients. Because of the high incidence of poor cooperation, which may include aggressive antagonistic behavior, many of these patients are scheduled for dental care under general anesthesia with an incomplete preoperative medical assessment. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact and limitations that an incomplete medical assessment may present in the delivery of dental care under general anesthesia to these adults with developmental disability. After approval from the institutional review board, the medical records of 139 patients treated in this program between 1992 and 1994 were reviewed to determine the patient profiles, anesthesia management, and complications. The charts of these patients, who underwent dental and radiographic examination, scaling and prophylaxis, and restoration and extraction of teeth under general anesthesia, were reviewed. There were 149 procedures performed on these patients, some more than once. The mean age was 29.5 yr. Males predominated females by a ratio of 2:1. All had multiple diagnoses, medical problems, and medications. Twenty-three patients had Down's Syndrome, four had schizophrenia disorders, 42 had seizure disorders, 11 had hypothyroidism, seven had heart disease, and 14 had central nervous system and neuromuscular disorders. The remainder had a variety of diagnoses, including rare syndromes. One hundred had intravenous (i.v.), 25 had mask inhalation, and 24 had intramuscular ketamine (Ketalar) induction. Nasotracheal intubation was uneventful in 139 patients, five had difficult visualization of the larynx and intubation. Ten patients experienced intraoperative complications, including nonfatal ventricular arrhythmia, slight fall in blood pressure and hypertension (greater than 20% of preoperative value), and four individuals developed laryngospasm. In the Post Anesthetic Care Unit, five patients experienced minor airway problems resulting in a desaturation of oxygen to a level below 85%. Adults with developmental disabilities can be safely managed under general anesthesia for dental treatment in a hospital setting with minimal morbidity and without extensive preoperative investigations.
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PMID:General anesthesia for the provision of dental treatment to adults with developmental disability. 979 4


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