Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in patients with epilepsy and psychosis. From 50 patients with epilepsy, a subgroup of 12 patients were categorised by the Present State Examination (PSE) as having nuclear schizophrenia (NS) and then compared with an epileptic control group with no psychiatric history. Further, patients with hallucinations were compared with patients without hallucinations. No differences in T1 relaxation times in any regions of interest were noted in the NS group compared with the other group. However, patients with hallucinations had a significantly higher T1 value in the left temporal lobe. These findings support the concept that specific abnormalities in limbic system structures relate to the phenomenology of the psychoses of epilepsy, especially left temporal lobe epilepsy.
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PMID:A study of epileptic psychosis using magnetic resonance imaging. 231 28

Six patients who had delusional convictions that they were malodorous were followed up for between six months and four years. Difficulties encountered in clinical settings in differentiating overvalued ideas, delusions, and hallucinations arise from lack of clarity of psychopathological terminology. Schizophrenia and depression are closely related to the syndrome.
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PMID:Olfactory delusional syndrome with various aetiologies. 231 31

Twelve patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia and had persistent auditory hallucinations completed a diary three times daily for 2 to 3 weeks. Using 5-point equal interval rating scales, nearly all patients were able to record consistently the nature of their hallucinations, the intensity of their delusional beliefs, and the mood and clarity of their thinking. For at least half the patients, there was a statistically significant relationship between the loudness and intrusiveness of hallucinations and the intensity of delusional beliefs; the more intrusive and distressing were the hallucinations, the more anxious and depressed were the patients. The findings suggested that more emphasis might be placed on altering patients' mood in the treatment of persistent hallucinations. The diary approach to research into auditory hallucinations appears promising.
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PMID:Persistent auditory hallucinations and their relationship to delusions and mood. 231 35

Using data from the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia and from our own previously reported series of 120 patients receiving treatment for schizophrenia, we ascertained the degree of agreement between 13 different systems for diagnosing schizophrenia. We identified a triad of symptoms similar to that from the International Pilot Study: auditory hallucinations, passivity feelings, and disturbances of affect. This triad correlated very strongly with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as determined by the 13 diagnostic systems, as well as with response to fluphenazine in our series. The triad should serve as a core set of symptoms in the study of schizophrenic illness. It represents the leading phenomena in a group of patients having what is generally considered to be schizophrenia, although it does not provide a definitive diagnosis. Evidence is needed on its specificity.
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PMID:The positive triad of schizophrenic symptoms. Its statistical properties and its relationship to 13 traditional diagnostic systems. 234 40

Hallucinations are among the most severe and puzzling forms of psychopathology. Although usually regarded as first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia, they are found in a wide range of medical and psychiatric conditions. Moreover, a substantial minority of otherwise normal individuals report hallucinatory experiences. The purpose of this article is to review the considerable research into the cognitive mechanisms underlying (particularly psychotic) hallucinations that has been carried out and to integrate this research within a general framework. The available evidence suggests that hallucinations result from a failure of the metacognitive skills involved in discriminating between self-generated and external sources of information. It is likely that different aspects of these skills are implicated in different types of hallucinatory experiences. Further research should focus on specific metacognitive deficits associated with different types of hallucinations and on treatment strategies designed to train hallucinators to reattribute thoughts to themselves.
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PMID:The illusion of reality: a review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. 240 93

A retrospective personal case study of 43 long-term in-patient treatments of adolescents suffering from first onset schizophrenia with a prolonged course is introduced. 5 criteria were selected combining psychopathological aspects and typical problems of everyday therapeutic management--one criterium being the occurrence of hallucinations and delusions. Only less than half the patients (n = 19), however, suffered from delusions to such a degree that repercussions and consequences on the course and kind of treatment were noticeable. This fact pointed to peculiarities of juvenile schizophrenia in comparison with adult schizophrenia, in which paranoid and hallucinatory phenomena are more prominent, consistent and elaborated. 4 types of delusional and hallucinatory experience with certain ensuing therapeutic reactions are distinguished: Type 1: pseudonormality and denial of delusions, type 2: overlapping of reality and delusion and frantic attempts to separate the two realms, type 3: hallucinatory absorption and trance-like states, type 4: dramatic delusional play and "happy" hallucinations in regressive psychoses. Theories about the perception of reality during the cognitive development in childhood and about altered states of consciousness are discussed and related to different therapeutic approaches.
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PMID:[Problems in the daily management of delusional and hallucinogenic experiences in juvenile schizophrenic patients--experiences with long-term inpatient psychotherapy]. 245 66

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcome of epileptic schizophrenia. A total of 106 patients with combined diagnoses of epilepsy and psychiatric disorder were identified; 20 were excluded and 70 agreed to participate. They were interviewed using the Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders Schedule - Lifetime Version and psychiatric diagnoses were assigned based on Research Diagnostic Criteria. Thirty-two subjects with additional diagnosis of schizophrenia were identified and compared with 31 functional schizophrenic patients matched for age. Both groups shared third person auditory hallucinations most in common, and delusions of passivity least; delusions of passivity occurred significantly more in functional schizophrenia. The global outcome was worse in epileptic schizophrenia and there was also evidence of significantly worse performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination by the same group.
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PMID:Epileptic schizophrenia: clinical features and outcome. 250 5

Hallucinations may occur in any sensory modality. Auditory hallucinations, usually ascribed to psychiatric illness, take various forms including the perception of voices, cries, noises, or rarely, music. Formed musical hallucinations, (ie, the perception of either vocal or instrumental melodies), reported in the English literature to date have typically been associated with marked hearing loss, advanced age (average 67.8 years), female sex (71%), lack of response to treatment, and general lack of associated psychopathology. We have collected data on seven additional patients with musical hallucinations. The average age of these patients was 72.9 years; all were women. Six had significant hearing problems. All reported onset of musical hallucinations after the age of 60. Interestingly, all seven had major psychiatric illnesses. Four had major depression, two had late-onset schizophrenia, and one had multi-infarct dementia. Of the five who had CT scans, one was normal and the rest demonstrated varying degrees of brain pathology. Neuroleptics were used with varying results in three cases; antidepressants were used in two depressed patients and were temporally related to the onset of musical hallucinations in one patient. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was very effective in treating depression and musical hallucinations in the three patients for whom it was used, usually providing relief from hallucinations after only two treatments. Our collection of cases demonstrates that musical hallucinations can occur in association with psychiatric illness, and perhaps unlike the hallucinations associated with isolated hearing loss, may respond to conventional treatments for the underlying psychiatric disorder. Hearing loss is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for the occurrence of musical hallucinations.
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PMID:Musical hallucinations. The sounds of silence? 256 62

The therapeutic efficacy and target symptoms of maprotiline were tested by administering it in addition to conventional neuroleptic treatment for 10 weeks to a total of 32 chronic schizophrenic patients who showed no, or only partial, response to the neuroleptic medication. The final global improvement rating was 68.8% for all patients. Average therapeutic doses administered were 150 mg per day. Changes in psychotic symptoms were assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Psychiatric Evaluating scale (PES), and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). All mean improvement rates of these rating scales were observed at the 2nd week after the start of treatment, and maprotiline produced a marked amelioration in negative symptoms such as decreased spontaneity, blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, impaired work or recreation, etc. The incidence of side-effects was 37.5%. Constipation was the most frequently occurring side-effect. Neither side-effects nor laboratory test results were serious enough to discontinue the trial, except in the case of one chronic patient who showed acute exacerbation of symptoms due to maprotiline-induced insomnia, elation and hallucination. These results suggest that maprotiline improves the negative symptoms of schizophrenia by a noradrenaline potentiating action not demonstrated by dopaminergic or serotonergic reward systems.
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PMID:Effect of maprotiline combined with conventional neuroleptics against negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. 257 Jun 87

Almost half a century has elapsed since the initial application of ECT in psychiatric clinic. It is currently, debatable whether or not ECT in still applicable in schizophrenia, though its effects for manic-depressive disorders is well established. The authors summarized their experiences in evaluating 300 cases, one half use antipsychotic drugs alone and the other half use drugs with ECT it was found that combined therapy favors both groups of patients with aggressiveness or excitement and group with negativism or catatonia as compared in a duration of 2 weeks, whereas patients with hallucinations of suicidal attempts also benefited in 4 weeks' term. On the contrary the combined therapy in the long run is of no value in patients with delusion.
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PMID:[Role of electroconvulsive therapy in treating schizophrenia]. 257 64


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