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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Factitious Cheilitis is a rare skin disorder which has been seen in patients with emotional disturbances, particularly in cases with neurotic and personality disorders. However, there have been no reports of factitious cheilitis seen in cases of schizophrenia. This study reports on a case of schizophrenic disorder, where the patient was observed to develop factitious cheilitis whilst subject to unstable psychiatric conditions. The case reported here is of a 59 year-old female widow, who has experienced the delusion of being controlled, the delusion of being possessed. Been subject to auditory hallucination and vague somatic pain for eight years and had a very poor psychotropic drug compliance. Observation revealed frequent licking of the lips unrelated to drug-induced dyskinesia, but as a possibly linked response to hallucination whilst subject to an intense unstable emotional and painful state. Factitious cheilitis was proved with biopsy of the lips and pathological findings of acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. After psychiatric and dermatologic care, her cheilitic condition improved. This study demonstrates that factitious cheilitis can be seen in a schizophrenic patient, specifically where hallucination and emotional instability coupled with long-term licking of the lips can result in factitious cheilitis. The relationship of skin disorder and psychiatric illness is discussed.
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PMID:[Schizophrenia and factitious cheilitis: a case report]. 146 45

The value of neurobiological theories of schizophrenia depends in the long run on their usefulness when the genesis of diagnostically relevant features is to be made plausible. That is why in recent Anglo-American research on schizophrenia more and more subtly differentiated models have been developed to explain even highly complex psychotic changes of experiences in terms of neurobiologically founded cognitive deficits. Empirical testing, however, was hardly possible, since there did not exist any studies dealing with the hypothesized connections between psychosis and psychological deficit. This situation has now changed with the Bonn study of sequences of transition from experiences of deficiency to first rank symptoms. Its overall result permits an empirically based assessment of the genesis of all elements constituting the schizophrenic nuclear syndrome according to the "Present State Examination". In the present contribution the results concerning the genesis of thought insertion, -withdrawal, -broadcasting, and first rank verbal hallucinations are singled out and compared to the corresponding Anglo-American models. The summary results in a sweeping confirmation, yet it also reveals the insufficiency of a simply "rationalistic" view of the symptom genesis.
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PMID:[How does the schizophrenic nuclear syndrome arise? Results of the Bonn transition series study and Anglo-American models--a comparison]. 147 Feb 70

The study of the clinical course of methamphetamine (MAP) psychosis yields insights into the biological aspect of the relapse of the paranoid psychotic state with hallucination in schizophrenia. A series of MAP psychosis studies in Japan conducted over a period of more than four decades revealed three types of clinical courses of MAP psychosis after discontinuation of MAP: transient type, prolonged type, and persistent type. Identification of the latter two indicates a lasting change in the brain that produces and maintains a schizophrenia-like paranoid psychotic state without MAP. The characteristic course seen in the transient type is acute recurrence of the psychotic state after a long remission period, almost identical to the initial episode, due to reuse of MAP or to psychological stressors. Such lasting vulnerability of the brain to schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms may be caused by a lasting sensitization of the brain to the psychotogenic action of MAP resulting from its chronic abuse. Experimental studies using animals sensitized to MAP-induced stereotypy suggest that lasting enhancement of MAP-induced dopamine release in the striatum and nucleus accumbens is related to the development and expression of brain vulnerability to schizophrenic symptoms.
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PMID:Relapse of paranoid psychotic state in methamphetamine model of schizophrenia. 155 91

117 subjects admitted to the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine at Sapporo City General Hospital due to suicide attempts between June 1983 and August 1986 were studied. Various aspects of attempted suicide and successful suicide in patients with schizophrenia were compared with those same aspects in patients with other psychiatric conditions. Similarly, 30 patients with schizophrenia who attempted suicide between January 1975 and December 1989 while inpatients or discharged outpatients in the Department of Neuro-Psychiatry at Sapporo City General Hospital were also examined. 1) In both the transverse study in the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and the longitudinal study in the Department of Neuro-Psychiatry at Sapporo City General Hospital, suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia increased significantly over a 5 year period after the onset of the disease. 2) Schizophrenic patients used more lethal methods for suicide (such as a direct and violent injury to the body) than did other psychiatric patients. With regards to body injury method, there was no difference between schizophrenics and other psychiatric patients between the ages of 20 and 30, though significantly more schizophrenics between the ages of 30 and 50 chose a violent body injury method. 3) Schizophrenics attempted suicide more often at any other place out of their houses than did other psychiatric patients (depressives, neurotics, etc.) and normal subjects. The difference between schizophrenics and other psychiatric patients was particularly distinct between the ages of 30 and 50. 4) Most schizophrenic patients who attempted suicide were in an exacerbated period of the illness. Interviews immediately after suicide attempts revealed that most patients attempted suicide against their will, moved by delusional and hallucinatory experiences. It is therefore presumed that most suicide in schizophrenics, even though seemingly unexpected or impulsive, is actually provoked by rapid fluctuation of the psychosis. 5) Positive symptoms reported at the time of attempted suicide included delusion of persecution, imperious auditory hallucinations, hypochondriacal delusions, and delusion of guilt. The abnormal experience which induced suicide attempts generally consisted of delusional perceptions regarding an inability to recover health, hallucinatory commands, and acute self-disruption generated by experiences such as sudden delusional ideas. These drove the patients toward suicide. 6) Most suicide attempts were within several days or several hours of abrupt symptom exacerbation. It is noteworthy that these attempts were clustered within limited periods of time. Overt suicidal tendencies continued for several months, suggesting that there is a period in which suicide may be easily induced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A clinical study of suicidal behavior in schizophrenic patients]. 157 Mar 64

Historically, affective disorders have been underdiagnosed among minorities, while schizophrenia is often overdiagnosed. Cultural differences in symptomatology, such as increased reports of auditory hallucinations, or language differences reportedly contribute to misdiagnoses in Hispanics. Consequently, we performed a thorough evaluation of Hispanic patients with a history of schizophrenia who remained diagnostic enigmas. Evaluation included the use of a Spanish-speaking interpreter, strict adherence to criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (revised), and the dexamethasone suppression test. Five patients met criteria for major depression, and all but one were properly classified using the dexamethasone suppression test. Careful evaluation is needed with appropriate cultural and diagnostics support to avoid missing depression in Hispanics. The dexamethasone suppression test may be a useful adjunct in some difficult-to-diagnose patients.
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PMID:The dexamethasone suppression test as an adjunct in diagnosing depression. 157 55

Schizophrenia is characterised by the psychotic symptoms of hallucinations and delusions, accompanied by variable degrees of loss of insight. Whilst there is heterogeneity in the clinical profile, and presumably in the pathogenesis of what is currently called 'schizophrenia', it has become absolutely clear over the past decade that schizophrenic symptoms are consequent upon serious brain dysfunction. This new perspective has laid to rest a variety of 'crazy' theories, including the notion that mental illness was a myth, or that schizophrenia could be caused by faulty child rearing. The use of dopamine-blocking drugs has led to an improvement in symptom control, and diminished the need for prolonged hospital stays. It was hoped that the clear relationship between antipsychotic activity and dopamine blockade would help to elucidate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, but to date no consistent abnormalities of the dopamine system have been found. Nevertheless, we have learned much about both the aetiology of schizophrenia and the origin of particular symptoms. Much of this has stemmed from increased understanding of the brain abnormalities underlying the disorder.
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PMID:Schizophrenia and neurodevelopment. 158 20

The relationships between symptoms and both prior suicide attempts and current suicidal thinking were examined in a sample of schizophrenics at 2 points in time. Fifty subjects meeting DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia were assessed within 1 week of admission, and 41 were reassessed at a 6-month follow-up. On admission, prior suicide attempts were significantly associated with current depression, female sex, lower education and more frequent hospitalization. The association with depression remained significant at follow-up. In addition, current suicidal thinking was associated with depression at both times but also with negative symptoms at time 1 and delusions and hallucinations at time 2. These findings confirm and strengthen prior reports of an association between depression and attempted suicide.
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PMID:Attempted suicide and depression in schizophrenia. 159 63

Chronic MAP abuse may produce a lasting vulnerability of the brain which leads to a paranoid delusional psychosis with hallucinations similar to schizophrenia. This view is based on the clinical observations that duration of the psychotic episodes could last quite long after excretion of MAP in the urine, and that reuse of MAP, alcohol ingestion and nonspecific psychological stressors lead to acute recurrence of psychotic episodes whose clinical features are almost identical to the initial episode in patients with prior MAP psychosis. The experimental studies indicate that a lasting change at the nerve terminal membranes, namely transporters of MAP and dopamine at the uptake sites, in the striatum and nucleus accumbens may be a cause for induction and expression of stimulant-induced sensitization, which may relate to vulnerability to schizophrenia-like psychotic episodes in MAP psychosis.
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PMID:A lasting vulnerability to psychosis in patients with previous methamphetamine psychosis. 163 81

A total of 407 new admissions to Woodbridge Hospital, Singapore in 1975 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were examined 10 years later to determine which variables were predictive of outcome. Useful predictors were marital status, duration of illness and Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Fairly useful predictors were age, sex and educational status. Race, family history, suicidal behaviour, thought disorder, affective blunting, delusions and hallucinations were not useful for predicting long term prognosis.
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PMID:Predicting the outcome of schizophrenia ten years later. 164 17

This paper describes an elementary deficit in sensory processing in people with schizophrenia. If paired sounds are presented to normal subjects, the response to the first sound, as measured by the P50 wave of the auditory-evoked potential, is much greater than the response to the second sound. The diminished response to the second sound is an example of a sensory gating mechanism that enables people to regulate their vigilance so that they can either detect all sounds in the environment or ignore most of them, in favor of narrowing the focus of their concentration. In schizophrenia, this mechanism is usually deficient; patients are in a state of hypervigilance and have diminished abilities to focus their attention. The deficiency appears to be genetically determined and to involve the brainstem control of sensory input to the hippocampus. Such sensory gating deficits may underlie more complex psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Further studies of their neurobiology could lead to increased understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Elementary neuronal dysfunctions in schizophrenia. 164 90


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