Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The lifetime and current prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders was determined in 41 children with Crohn's disease, 12 children with ulcerative colitis, and 52 children with cystic fibrosis, using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia interview. The lifetime prevalence of depression was 29% in Crohn's disease, 21% in ulcerative colitis, and 11.5% in cystic fibrosis. The difference in the prevalence of depression between Crohn's disease and cystic fibrosis was significant (p less than 0.05). The lifetime and current prevalence of dysthymia was significantly greater in ulcerative colitis than Crohn's disease (p less than 0.01) or cystic fibrosis (p less than 0.01). The lifetime prevalence of atypical depression was significantly greater in Crohn's disease than cystic fibrosis (22% versus 5.8%, p less than 0.05) and was also greater in ulcerative colitis than cystic fibrosis (21% versus 5.8%, p = 0.1). There was no difference between the groups in the current prevalence of major depression or atypical depression, or in the lifetime or current prevalence of anxiety disorders.
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PMID:Depression and anxiety in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and cystic fibrosis. 280 68

This report describes preliminary outcome data for a sample of child psychiatric inpatients with diagnoses of major depression and/or dysthymic disorder at the time of their hospitalizations. Depressed children were compared with a contrast group of children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Results (based on semi-structured telephone interviews) indicate high rates of rehospitalization among our depressed cohort. Depressed children had rehospitalization rates of 35% and 45% respectively in the first and second years after discharge. Out-of-home placement was rarer in the depressed group, and significantly less likely than for children with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, 15% of the depressed cohort were placed out of their homes within the first year of discharge. There were no differences between children with major depressive and dysthymic disorders on these outcome variables, underscoring the serious long-term correlates of childhood dysthymic as well as major depressive disorders.
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PMID:Childhood-onset depressive disorders. A follow-up study of rates of rehospitalization and out-of-home placement among child psychiatric inpatients. 297 97

The advent of receptor binding techniques has provided new ways of studying the mechanism of action of drugs. In vitro radioligand binding is now currently applied to investigate the specificity or multiple action of compounds. By using the same technique, the binding affinity of a drug can be measured for a variety of neurotransmitter, drug, peptide and ion channel receptor binding sites, providing the drug's receptor binding profile (LEYSEN et al. 1981; LEYSEN 1984). However, in vitro receptor binding is only the initial step in the investigation of drug-receptor interactions. Investigations in vivo are required to allow evaluation of how and where a drug acts. In fact, the study of drug-receptor interactions comprises three main stages: (a) in vitro radioligand receptor binding; (b) in vivo receptor binding, providing information on the accessibility of the drugs to the receptors localized in various central and peripheral tissues, on the drug potency for occupying various receptors, on the duration of receptor occupation and on the relationship between the degree of receptor occupation and pharmacological effects; and (c) the study of receptor regulation: the effect of chronic drug treatment on receptor alterations compared with alterations in functional responses in vivo. In this article, we will illustrate the three stages of investigation of receptor interactions and discuss the relevance and importance of the findings, using as examples three drugs known in psychopharmacological research: (a) the neuroleptic haloperidol, a prototype of a dopamine D2 antagonist: (b) Setoperone, a potential antipsychotic agent with very potent serotonin S2 and moderate D2 antagonistic activity (CEULEMANS et al. 1985; LEYSEN et al. 1986); and (c) ritanserin, a potent and long-acting S2 antagonist (LEYSEN et al. 1985), which has revealed therapeutic activity in dysthymia and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (REYNTJENS et al. 1986; GELDERS et al. 1986). Particular attention will be paid to the problem of receptor regulation. We challenge the general applicability of the receptor regulation theory, which states that persistent receptor stimulation causes desensitisation and receptor downregulation, whereas chronic deprivation of receptor stimulation leads to supersensitivity and receptor upregulation. Recent research has revealed that the theory does not hold for S2 receptor alterations, which were found to downregulate following chronic receptor blockade.
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PMID:Receptor interactions of dopamine and serotonin antagonists: binding in vitro and in vivo and receptor regulation. 304 96

The involvement of central serotonergic mechanisms in the organisation of human sleep has been confirmed in several single and multiple-dose clinico-pharmacological studies with the specific serotonin-S2-antagonist ritanserin. The pronounced thymosthenic effect observed with this compound in patients suffering from dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder and negative symptoms of schizophrenia can possibly be attributed to a restoration of the energetic function during the night as a consequence of a dramatic increase in slow wave sleep during treatment with ritanserin.
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PMID:The relevance of pharmacological studies to sleep research in psychiatry. 312 46

Premorbid adjustment, onset patterns, and severity of impairment were examined in 66 child psychiatric inpatients with diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, major depression, and dysthymic disorder. When compared to children with depressive disorders, schizophrenic and schizotypal children showed poorer premorbid adjustments, lower IQs, greater impairment at hospitalization, and more chronic dysfunctions. Similar developmental patterns were found for children with schizophrenic and schizotypal disorders, and for children with major depression and dysthymic disorders. The findings underscore the severe impairment in social adaptation shown by schizophrenic and schizotypal children and the relatively good premorbid adjustments of most depressed children.
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PMID:Children with schizophrenia spectrum and depressive disorders: a comparative study of premorbid adjustment, onset pattern and severity of impairment. 321 19

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the specificity of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) for endogenous depression. Between July 1983 and June 1985 we collected 51 cases of endogenous depression (including 16 bipolar disorder, depressed, and 35 major depression with melancholia), 36 cases of schizophrenia (including 14 with depression and 22 without depression), 19 cases of borderline disorder with depression, 16 cases of dysthymic disorder, and 20 normal volunteers. The sensitivity of the DST in the endogenous depression group was 62.7%, which was significantly higher than that of the schizophrenic group (36.1%), the borderline disorder with depression group (31.6%), and the control group (11.1%) (including dysthymic disorder patients and normal volunteers) (X2 = 24.48, df = 3, p less than 0.001). However, the specificity of the DST was 63.9%, 68.4%, and 88.9% when the endogenous depression group was compared with the other three groups, respectively. To differentiate endogenous depression from other mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, borderline disorder), such critical variables as patient history and clinical symptoms may be more valuable. Many factors that were reported to be related with DST were discussed.
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PMID:The specificity of the dexamethasone suppression test in endogenous depressive patients. 325 96

The authors compared the hypnotizability of 65 Vietnam veteran patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to that of a normal control group and four patient samples using the Hypnotic Induction Profile. The patients with PTSD had significantly higher hypnotizability scores than patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia (N = 23); major depression, bipolar disorder--depressed, and dysthymic disorder (N = 56); and generalized anxiety disorder (N = 18) and the control sample (N = 83). This finding supports the hypothesis that dissociative phenomena are mobilized as defenses both during and after traumatic experiences. The literature suggests that spontaneous dissociation, imagery, and hypnotizability are important components of PTSD symptoms.
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PMID:Dissociation and hypnotizability in posttraumatic stress disorder. 334 45

Although adolescent norms have been developed for the MMPI (e.g., Marks, Seeman, & Haller, 1974) and Rorschach (e.g., Exner, 1986a), little is known regarding the discriminate diagnostic validity of these measures with adolescents. This study investigated the usefulness of these measures in the detection of depression and schizophrenia among adolescent inpatients. Subjects (mean age = 15.3) consisted of 134 adolescents who received Rorschach and MMPI administrations at hospital admission. Clinical diagnoses resulted in the following groupings for this sample: schizophrenia = 15, dysthymic disorder = 41, major depression = 26, conduct disorder = 28, personality disorder = 18. MMPI scale Sc elevation was found to be the most effective single predictor of schizophrenic diagnoses, with a hit rate of .76, sensitivity of .62, and specificity of .78. Neither MMPI scale D scores nor Rorschach DEPI scores were found to be significantly related to patients' diagnoses. Results were interpreted in terms of prior findings in adult psychiatric populations and in relation to implications for the clinical assessment of adolescents.
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PMID:MMPI and Rorschach indices of schizophrenic and depressive diagnoses among adolescent inpatients. 340 90

Relatives of 22 schizotypal probands were evaluated for lifetime psychiatric diagnoses. Forty-four (N = 44) of the 97 available relatives were interviewed directly using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The rates of psychiatric diagnoses were compared with those of sixty-six (N = 66) of 140 relatives of 30 depressed patients. Family history of mental illness was ascertained by the informant method on the remainder of relatives of both proband groups. The rate of depression found in the relatives of schizotypal patients was 52% in those directly interviewed and 25.7% when informants' reports on unavailable relatives are pooled with direct interview data. These rates were not significantly higher than those found for the relatives of depressed probands (34.8% by direct interview and 21% including reports from informants). The high rates of depression in the relatives of schizotypal probands may indicate that schizotypal personality is associated with affective disorder and not only with schizophrenia. However, the high rates may be due to the presence of depressive character traits in relatives, which inflate the rates of dysthymic disorder and other chronic depressive disorders in the relatives of borderline patients.
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PMID:Diagnoses of the relatives of schizotypal outpatients. 373 68

Psychiatric disorders are common in medical inpatient and outpatient populations. As a result, internists commonly are the first to see psychiatric emergencies. As with all medical problems, a good history, including a collateral history from relatives and friends, physical and mental status examination, and appropriate laboratory tests help establish a preliminary diagnosis and treatment plan. Patients with suicidal ideation usually have multiple stressors in the environment and/or a psychiatric disorder (i.e., a major affective disorder, dysthymic disorder, anxiety or panic disorder, psychotic disorder, alcohol or drug abuse, a personality disorder, and/or an adjustment disorder). Of all patients who commit suicide, 70% have a major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, psychotic organic mental disorder, alcoholism, drug abuse, and borderline personality disorder. Patients who are at great risk have minimal supports, a history of previous suicide attempts, a plan with high lethality, hopelessness, psychosis, paranoia, and/or command self-destructive hallucinations. Treatment is directed toward placing the patient in a protected environment and providing psychotropic medication and/or psychotherapy for the underlying psychiatric problem. Other psychiatric emergencies include psychotic and violent patients. Psychotic disorders fall into two categories etiologically: those that have an identifiable organic factor causing the psychosis and those that have an underlying psychiatric disorder. Initially, it is essential to rule out organic pathology that is life-threatening or could cause irreversible brain damage. After such organic causes are ruled out, neuroleptic medication is indicated. If the patient is not agitated or combative, he or she may be placed on oral divided doses of neuroleptics in the antipsychotic range. Patients who are agitated or psychotic need rapid tranquilization with an intramuscular neuroleptic every half hour to 1 hour until the agitation and combativeness are under control. Haloperidol (Haldol) is the safest neuroleptic. Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), perphenazine (Trilafon), and, in the elderly, thiothixene (Navane) can also be useful if haloperidol (Haldol) is not effective and more sedation is needed; these drugs, however, produce more side effects. Violent patients need to be physically restrained and then given antipsychotic medication or, in the case of drug abuse or alcohol withdrawal, the appropriate drug management.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Psychiatric emergencies. 373 71


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