Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Drug abuse is common in schizophrenia. Previous studies suggested patients with the deficit syndrome have a lower risk of drug abuse than do patients without deficit features. We distinguished deficit and nondeficit groups in the DSM-IV Field Trial dataset, and compared the two groups relative to current and lifetime (worst ever) severity of alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs of abuse. Deficit syndrome patients had a lower severity of current use of alcohol and other drugs, but the two groups did not differ significantly relative to cannabis use. Deficit patients also had less severe lifetime use of all three classes of drugs. These findings could not be attributed to differences between the deficit and nondeficit groups in demographics, severity of psychotic symptoms, chronicity of illness, or the quality of information available for the two groups. Deficit categorization and drug abuse were independently associated with poor level of function. Negative symptoms broadly defined were weaker predictors of drug abuse than was the deficit/nondeficit categorization. These findings further support the validity of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. Within schizophrenia, groups with relatively high or low risk for substance abuse can be identified.
 ...
PMID:The deficit syndrome in the DSM-IV Field Trial: I. Alcohol and other drug abuse. 879 95

The concept of subjective response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia was reviewed with particular focus on scales for its measurement. The significance of recognizing such a phenomenon early on in the course of treatment has been illustrated by research data linking it to compliance, clinical improvement, quality of life, suicidal behaviour and comorbid drug abuse. Negative subjective response to neuroleptics has been identified as a strong predictor of compliance and outcome. Awareness of this subjective response in the management of the acute phase of the illness would require the physician to develop specific or additional approaches to the management of such dysphoric patients on neuroleptics at the time of discharge.
 ...
PMID:Assessment of the patient's subjective experience in acute neuroleptic treatment: implications for compliance and outcome. 880 61

This is a retrospective study that aimed at studying the diagnostic stability of psychiatric diagnoses over a 4-year period. Three-hundred and twelve patients (n = 312) admitted more than once to Al Ain in-patient unit from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 1993, were the subjects for this study. The sample included patients with the following index diagnoses: acute psychoses (n = 37), alcohol abuse (n = 15), bipolar disorder (n = 27), depressive disorders (n = 63), drug abuse (n = 21), hysteria (n = 23), neurotic disorders (n = 50) and schizophrenia (n = 76). Diagnoses on discharge for first admissions were considered the index diagnoses. The shift from index diagnoses to subsequent diagnoses was counted. Diagnostic stability was calculated as the percentages of index diagnoses that did not change over time. In nearly half of the patients the index diagnoses changed over the 4-year period. Highest diagnostic stability was found in patients with index diagnoses of alcohol abuse, schizophrenia and drug abuse (92%, 74% and 71% respectively), while the lowest stability was found in patients with neurotic, hysterical, depressive disorders, acute psychoses and bipolar disorders (38%, 48% and 45%, 42%, 52% respectively). Two distinct patterns of shifts were noted. First shift occurred between functional psychoses and second shift between depressive and neurotic disorders. This study provides further support to the notion that diagnostic stability in clinical practice is still far from being satisfactory.
 ...
PMID:Stability of psychiatric diagnoses in clinical practice. 888 44

1. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been implicated in both the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse and the etiology of schizophrenia. We report here that serotonin (5-HT) potentiates the inhibitory effect of dopamine on dopaminergic VTA neurons. Dopamine (0.5-10 microM) inhibited the spontaneous firing of putative dopamine-containing neurons of the VTA. 5-HT (5-10 microM) itself did not significantly alter the spontaneous firing rate; however, in the presence of 5-HT, the inhibitory potency of dopamine was significantly increased. 2. The inhibitory potency of the dopamine agonist quinpirole was also increased by 5-HT. 3. 5-HT-induced potentiation was also produced by the selective 5-HT2 agonist (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, and was reversed by the selective 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin. 4. This novel action of 5-HT on dopaminergic neurons has important implications for the development of drugs to treat schizophrenia, and for the identification of agents that will be useful in treating drug abuse disorders like alcoholism.
 ...
PMID:Serotonin potentiates dopamine inhibition of ventral tegmental area neurons in vitro. 889 Mar 16

Up to 60% of chronic schizophrenic patients are reported to abuse alcohol or drugs. This comorbidity raises the question whether one disorder is a consequence of the other. With the structured interview "IRAOS," the onset and course of schizophrenia and substance abuse were retrospectively assessed in a representative first-episode sample of 232 schizophrenic patients. Information by relatives validated the patients' reports. Alcohol abuse prior to first admission was found in 24%, drug abuse in 14%-twice the rates in the general population. Alcohol abuse more often followed than preceded the first symptom of schizophrenia. Drug abuse preceded the first symptom in 27.5%, followed it in 37.9%, and emerged within the same month in 34.6% of the cases. The study demonstrates a remarkable association between first-episode schizophrenia and substance abuse, but a unidirectional causality is not supported, nor is a specific psychotic disorder in comorbid cases.
 ...
PMID:Substance abuse and the onset of schizophrenia. 893 19

This article provides practical guidelines for general practitioners in treating schizophrenia. Specific areas include pharmacological treatment, supportive therapy, depression and suicide, alcohol and drug abuse, sexuality, and physical health.
 ...
PMID:The role of the general practitioner in the treatment of schizophrenia: specific issues. 905 30

The amplitude and suppression of the auditory P50 event-related potential may be useful for studying schizophrenia and drug abuse; however, the low reliability of the P50 suppression measure limits its value for correlation with clinical measures. Reliability can be increased either by improving measurement methods or by reducing or eliminating sources of variance in the recordings. In this paper, the effect on P50 amplitude and suppression of variation in wakeful alertness within an experimental session was examined in 20 normal subjects. The percentage of beta power in the interval immediately prior to the P50 stimuli was used as an index of alertness. P50 amplitudes or C-T ratios were estimated using peak-picking and using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. No effects of variation of wakeful alertness were observed on any P50 amplitude or suppression measure. Comparing the peak-picking vs SVD estimates replicated our prior results showing markedly higher reliabilities with SVD. We conclude: 1) that variation within an experimental session in wakeful alertness level as indexed by the percentage of beta power does not affect P50 amplitude or suppression, and 2) the SVD method brings the reliability of the C-T ratio up to levels where its usefulness in clinical studies can be examined.
 ...
PMID:Human P50 suppression is not affected by variations in wakeful alertness. 909 16

Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice requires rigorous, formal analyses. Well-characterized paradigms can be chosen from the established behavioral neuroscience literature. This review describes (1) a series of neurological and neuropsychological tests which are effectively used as a first screen for behavioral abnormalities in mutant mice, and (2) a series of specific behavioral paradigms, clustered by category. Included are multiple paradigms for each category, including learning and memory, feeding, analgesia, aggression, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and drug abuse models. Examples are given from the experiences of the authors, in applying these experimental designs to transgenic and knockout mice. Extensive references for each behavioral paradigm are provided, to allow new investigators to access the relevant literature on behavioral methodology.
 ...
PMID:A proposed test battery and constellations of specific behavioral paradigms to investigate the behavioral phenotypes of transgenic and knockout mice. 921 34

A. Digital EEG is an established substitute for recording, reviewing, and storing a paper EEG record. It is a clear technical advance over previous paper methods. It is highly recommended. (Class III evidence, Type C recommendation). B. EEG brain mapping and other advanced QEEG techniques should be used only by physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG, and only as an adjunct to and in conjunction with traditional EEG interpretation. These tests may be clinically useful only for patients who have been well selected on the basis of their clinical presentation. C. Certain quantitative EEG techniques are considered established as an addition to digital EEG in: C.1. Epilepsy: For screening for possible epileptic spikes or seizures in long-term EEG monitoring or ambulatory recording to facilitate subsequent expert visual EEG interpretation. (Class I and II evidence, Type A recommendation as a practice guideline). C.2. OR and ICU monitoring: For continuous EEG monitoring by frequency-trending to detect early, acute intracranial complications in the OR or ICU, and for screening for possible epileptic seizures in high-risk ICU patients. (Class II evidence, Type B recommendation as a practice option). D. Certain quantitative EEG techniques are considered possibly useful practice options as an addition to digital EEG in: D.1. Epilepsy: For topographic voltage and dipole analysis in presurgical evaluations. (Class II evidence, Type B recommendation). D.2. Cerebrovascular Disease: Based on Class II and III evidence, QEEG in expert hands may possibly be useful in evaluating certain patients with symptoms of cerebrovascular disease whose neuroimaging and routine EEG studies are not conclusive. (Type B recommendation). D.3. Dementia: Routine EEG has long been an established test used in evaluations of dementia and encephalopathy when the diagnosis remains unresolved after initial clinical evaluation. In occasional clinical evaluations, QEEG frequency analysis may be a useful adjunct to interpretation of the routine EEG when used in expert hands. (Class II and III evidence as a possibly useful test, Type B recommendation). E. On the basis of current clinical literature, opinions of most experts, and proposed rationales for their use, QEEG remains investigational for clinical use in postconcussion syndrome, mild or moderate head injury, learning disability, attention disorders, schizophrenia, depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. (Class II and III evidence, Type D recommendation). F. On the basis of clinical and scientific evidence, opinions of most experts, and the technical and methodologic shortcomings, QEEG is not recommended for use in civil or criminal judicial proceedings. (Strong Class III evidence, Type E recommendation). G. Because of the very substantial risk of erroneous interpretations, it is unacceptable for any EEG brain mapping or other QEEG techniques to be used clinically by those who are not physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG interpretation. (Strong Class III evidence, Type E recommendation).
 ...
PMID:Assessment of digital EEG, quantitative EEG, and EEG brain mapping: report of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. 922 9

In an epidemiological survey of the prevalence of mental illness in homeless individuals in Munich, Germany, a probability sample of 32 homeless women were interviewed using a standardized diagnostic instrument (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III diagnoses). Results point to very high prevalence rates of mental disorders among homeless women. The most frequent diagnostic groups were alcohol and drug abuse (lifetime prevalence rate 90.6%), affective disorders (50.0%), anxiety disorders (43.8%) and schizophrenia (21.9%). Prevalence rates are compared with a female household sample (Epidemiological Catchment Area Study in New Haven, Connecticut). All disorders tended to be more frequent in homeless women as compared with the household sample. Our results show the urgent need to provide medical and other assistance to homeless women. There is a need for adequate psychiatric care, supply with food and housing and the development of concepts for personal and vocational rehabilitation considering the specific needs of women.
 ...
PMID:Mental illness in homeless women: an epidemiological study in Munich, Germany. 922 9


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>